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EESC final
energy and development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Energy | the ability to do work |
| Energy sources | do work or help us to do work |
| 1700s | used human and animal power up until then when machinery was created, breakthrough-steam engine |
| In order To make electricity | something must be turned and so people boil water and burn stuff to create heat to boil water |
| Fossil fuels | all formed from organic matter, that lived 100 to 500 mya, that got buried by sediments before decomposers could decompose them, giving us oil, coal and natural gas, 85% of energy consumption |
| Coal | dominant energy source until late 1800s to 1940s because disadvantages began to outweigh the advantages |
| Coal advantages | efficient, extraction gave jobs, abundant in the US, easy to transport, cheapest |
| Coal disadvantages | dangerous and unhealthy jobs, extremely pollution heavy, extraction harms the environment, will run out someday |
| Strip-mining or mountain top removal | takes off the surface of the earth until you get to the layer that the coal is in |
| Oil | invention of the internal combustion engine and oil drilling technology in late 1800s led to productive use of oil, dominant source of energy since 1951 |
| Oil advantages | cleaner than coal, easy to develop the infrastructure, easily portable, US has oil, extremely efficient, no mercury |
| Oil disadvantages | non-renewable, security reasons, pollutes with NOx (nitrous oxide), extraction, no substitute for air travel |
| Natural gas | found with oil and considered a nuisance, mostly methane, network of pipelines now provide use for natural gas |
| Natural gas advantages | cleanest and efficient, multiple uses, less invasive so better for biodiversity, lots in the US |
| Natural gas disadvantages | pollutes CO2 and carbon monoxide CO, needs own infrastructure, difficult to transport, requires large amounts of technology, highly flammable so dangerous to transporters and users, odorless |
| Hydraulic fracturing(fracking) | tapping Gas down beneath the earth, by sending gas beneath and forcing the gas out of the ground |
| Renewable energy | energy generated from natural resources which are constantly, naturally replenished, and will never run out |
| Types of renewable energy | geothermal, biomass, wind power, hydropower, solar energy |
| Hydropower | using moving water to make energy, Hoover dam |
| hydropower disadvantages | too many people with not enough water, not everyone is near water, can only be used for electricity, disturbs the environment |
| hydropower advantages | clean, renewable, expensive to build but almost free after, |
| Geothermal | heat underneath the earth primarily by volcanos, used in California and Hawaii, geothermal advantages |
| Geothermal disadvantages | less efficient than a fossil fuel, possible environmental impacts, can’t be transported far |
| Heat exchange pumps | heat is collected from underground and transferred to the building |
| Biomass | burning of plant matter i.e. trees, ethanol, biofuels, algae, wood, garbage |
| Biomass advantages | can regenerate, easily accessible, reduces landfill disposal, |
| Biomass disadvantages | requires land to grow biomass, lots of carbon dioxide is emitted if not done sustainably, detracts from food production |
| Solar | heat collected for electricity, heating, water heating, and cooking |
| Solar advantages | no emissions, inexpensive after construction, can lower profit to next to nothing, |
| Solar disadvantages | very expensive, not always sunlight, back up energy is needed, not always sunny in winter |
| Wind | wind turbines used to create electricity |
| Wind advantages | renewable, no emissions |
| Wind disadvantages | need wind or you have to store it, land use issues and affects biodiversity, difficult to install |
| Environmental Impact | affected by Population, Affluence, Technology level and moderated by Stewardship I= (P*A*T)/S |
| Affluence | level of consumption of a population |
| Technology | how high is the technology that gets the natural resources to grow food |
| Stewardship | taking care of something that doesn’t belong to you, and how well a person does that |
| Biotic and abiotic factors that limit population increase | adverse weather conditions or events, disease, parasites, lack of food or water, competition |
| Population growth causes | sanitation, medical knowledge, agriculture, industry |
| Why discuss population? | more people means more use of earth’s resources, increased production and increased consumption, population growth, poverty and environmental degradation |
| High income, highly developed | very industrialized, USA, Canada, Japan, Western Europe, Australia, Scandinavia, and some more, per capita income> $11,500, 15% of population and 80% of the wealth |
| Middle income, moderately developed | ongoing, rapid industrialization, Latin America, Northern Africa, South Africa, China and some other southeastern Asian nations, Eastern Europe, per capita income from $936 to $11,500, 48% of population and 17% of wealth |
| Low income, developing | some but little industrialization, most of Africa, India, and other central Asian and southeastern Asian nations, 1.3 billion people, per capita income <$936(ave = $578), 37% of population and 3% of wealth |
| Reasons migration within the developing world occurs | economic conditions, conflict, rural to urban movement, ethnic patterns |
| 1994 Cairo Conference | international conference on population and development, 180 countries attended, clear link accepted between poverty, population growth and development, goal-fertility rates must be decreased, with family planning and women’s rights a key factor |
| Millennium development goals | goals for 2015 by all United Nations members, goals include eradicating 50% of poverty and hunger, universal primary education, improve child mortality and maternal health, promote gender equality, ensure environmental sustainability |
| Demographic transition | as mortality rate decreases, families continue to have the same amount, until this is eventually phased out |
| Socio-cultural reasoning for big families | safety net, high infant and child mortality, more helping hands, lower status for women means less education and respect only as a mother, unavailable or expensive contraceptives |
| The poverty cycle | between poverty, environmental degradation, high fertility, a cycle started that has no end without outside intervention |
| Ways to break poverty cycle | education, create jobs, encourage development, encourage contraception |
| How developing countries become developed | improve education, improve health, accessible family planning, employment opportunities, natural resource management |
Created by:
lfalkens
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