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Chapter 16 A&P
Autonomic Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The motor division of the peripheral nervous system consist of what two systems and which neurons do they innervate? | The PNS consist of the somatic nervous system - innervate skeletal muscle; autonomic system - innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands |
| The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of what subdivisions? | SYMPATHETIC, PARASYMPATHETIC, ENTRERIC |
| Where are the cell bodies located in the sympathetic division (thorocolumbar)? | Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are in the lateral horns of the spinal cord between T1 segment and L2 segment |
| What are the two types of sympathetic ganglia? | SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA - connected to each other, forming a chain on the right and left sides of the vertebral column; COLLATERAL (PREVERTEBRAL) GANGLIA - unpaired ganglia in the abdominal cavity anterior to the vertebral column |
| How are the axons like in the PREGANGLIONIC neurons vs. the POSTGANGLIONIC neurons? | PREGANGLIONIC - axons of neurons are small and myelinated; POSTGANGLIONIC - axons of neurons are unmyelinated |
| Know the four routes from the sympathetic chain ganglia; what two things could happen after synapsing within sympathetic chain ganglia? | After synapsing within sympathetic chain ganglia two things could happen - postganglionic axons join spinal/peripheral nerves to SKIN an SKELETAL MUSCLES or postganglionic axons form sympathetic nerves to thoracic organs |
| What route can occur without synapsing within sympathetic chain? | Without synapsing with sympathetic chain - preganglionic axons form splanchic nerves passing to collateral ganglia, where they synapse with postganglionic neurons passing to effector cells in the ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY |
| What route can occur without synapsing within sympathetic chain or collateral ganglia? | Preganglionic axons pass through and go DIRECTLY to the ADRENAL MEDULLA to synapse with effector cells there |
| Where are the cell bodies located in the PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION (craniosacral)? | Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are located within CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI in the brainstem or within lateral horns in the sacral region of the spinal cord |
| Where are the preganglionic axons from the brain? | Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X; those from the spinal cord are called PELVIC SPLANCHNIC NERVES |
| Where do they synapse with the postganglionic neurons? | TERMINAL GANGLIA on or near effector organs |
| T or F. Postganglionic axons are unmyelinated and travel a short distance to effectors. | True. |
| What nerves consist of the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM? | Nerve plexuses within the wall of the DIGESTIVE TRACT, includes sensory and ANS motor neurons between the digestive tract and CNS and enteric neurons completely contained within the plexuses |
| What is involved in the autonomic regulation of digestive processes? | SENSORY, detects chemical composition of digestive contents and degree of STRETCH of digestive tract wall. MOTOR, stimulate or INHIBIT smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretion. INTERNEURONS, that directly connect sensory to motor enteric neurons |
| What is the role of the local reflexes in the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM? | Can monitor and control digestive tract independently of CNS |
| Which neurons within the ANS secretes ACETYLCHOLINE (CHOLINERGIC)? | All preganglionic neurons of both the symp. and parasymp. divsions does, as do all postganglionic neurons of the parasymp. division |
| Which neurons within the ANS secrete EPINEPHRINE or NOREPINEPHRINE (ADRENERGIC)? | Almost all postganglionic neurons of the symp. division does, expect those innervating thermoregulatory sweat glands (which secrete ACh) |
| Which receptors are in the cholinergic receptors? | Those in membranes of ANS postganglionic neurons and in skeletal muscles are NICOTINIC and EXCITATORY; while those in effector cells of parasymp. division are MUSCARNIC and can be either EXCITATORY or INHIBITORY |
| What receptors are in the adrenergic receptors? | Those in effector cell membranes of symp. division; response may be either EXCITATORY or INHIBITORY depending on the effector |
| Which division(s) has/have stimulatory effects and which have/has inhibitory effects? | Both divisions; usually each divisions produces an opposite effect on a given organ |
| Describe "dual innervation" by the ANS. Give an example. | Most organs that receive autonomic neurons are innervated by both the parasymp. and symp. divisions; EX: gastrointestinal tract, heart, urinary bladder, reproductive tract |
| T or F. If a single structure is innervated by both divisions their effects on the structure are usually (but not always) opposite to one another. | True. |
| Describe coordination/cooperation within the ANS. | Both divisions of the ANS can act together to coordinate the activity of diff. structures. |
| Give an EX of coordination/cooperation within the ANS. | EX: In the male, the parasymp. division initiates erection in the penis, wheras the symp. division stimulates the release of secretions from the male reproductive glands and help initiate ejaculations in male rep. tract |
| Describe the difference in effects between the sympathetic division vs. parasympathetic division? | Symp. division - effects that are general and are associated with fight or flight responses; while the parasymp. division - produces localized effects and is associated with resting conditions |
Created by:
nnguye42
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