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Chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the name given to the envelope of gases surrounding our planet? | Atmosphere |
| The discovery of oxygen is credited to what two men? | Scheele and Priestly |
| Who discovered nitrogen? | Daniel Rutherford |
| What percentage of the atmosphere is oxygen? Nitrogen? | 21 percent oxygen, 78 percent nitrogen |
| What are the names of the two layers of the atmosphere, based upon composition? | Homosphere, heterosphere |
| What gases cause the greenhouse effect? | Carbon dioxide and water vapor |
| What is another name for the troposphere? | Weather layer |
| What is the amount of temperature drop in the troposphere per kilometer increase in altitude? What is another name for this temperature drop? | It is 6.4 degrees C for every km (3.5 degrees F for every 1,000 ft.), lapse rate |
| What is the name of the layer of the atmosphere that contains the jet stream? | Stratosphere |
| Which layer of the atmosphere contains the coldest temperature? | Mesosphere |
| Which layer of the atmosphere contains the hottest temperature? | Thermosphere |
| Name the four layers of the atmosphere classified by temperature. | Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere |
| Name the three special layers of the atmosphere. | Ozone layer, ionosphere, magnetosphere |
| Which special layer of the atmosphere is important to radio operators? | Ionosphere |
| What traps the energetic particles in the Van Allen belts? | Earth’s magnetic field |
| Approximately what percentage of the energy from the sun is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere? | 50 percent |
| Which layer of the atmosphere protects us from sunburns? | Ozone layer |
| What kind of radiation is emitted from the earth’s surface as it is warmed by the rays of the sun? | Infrared |
| What is the name for the indirect warming of the air by warm soil and water? | Greenhouse effect |
| What is the study of the atmosphere called? | Meteorology |
| List the 5 factors used to describe weather. | Temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, wind speed and direction, and precipitation |
| Which of the above factors involves the weight of atmospheric gases? | Atmospheric pressure |
| What 2 things happen to air when it cools? | It contracts and becomes denser. |
| The exact amount of water vapor in a certain volume of air is called by what name? The amount of water in the atmosphere expressed as a ratio to the amount of water that the air can hold is called by what name? | Absolute humidity, relative humidity |
| How do we feel if the air is very dry? Why? | Its cooler because our perspiration evaporates easier |
| What is the most common form of precipitation? List three other forms? | Rain; snow, hail, and sleet |
| Absolute humidity: | The amount of water a certain volume of air holds. |
| Atmosphere: | The layers of air surrounding the earth. |
| Atmospheric pressure: | The pressure exerted by the weight of the gases in the atmosphere. |
| Aurora australis: | The streamers or bands of light which appear in the Southern Hemisphere sky when charged particles escape from the magnetosphere into the lower atmosphere. |
| Aurora borealis: | The streamers or bands of light which appear in the Northern Hemisphere sky when charged particles escape from the magnetosphere into the lower atmosphere. |
| Greenhouse effect: | Warming of the lower layers of the atmosphere by infrared radiation given off from the earth after it has been heated by the sun. |
| Heterosphere: | The gas layers above the homosphere; the layers of oxygen, helium, and hydrogen which are located several hundred miles above the earth’s surface. |
| Homosphere: | The layer of the atmosphere nearest the earth’s surface which consists of a homogenous mixture of gases. |
| Ion: | An electrically charged atom. |
| Ionosphere: | The outer part of the earth’s atmosphere, extending from 80 km (50 mi.) to 400 km (250 mi.) and consisting of layers of ionized atoms of gas. |
| Jet stream: | A path of high-speed wind in the stratosphere |
| Lapse rate: | The rate that temperature drops as altitude increases in the troposphere, 6.4 degrees C/km (3.5 degrees F/1,000 ft.) |
| Magnetosphere: | A zone that encircles the earth and consists of electrons and protons from the sun trapped in the earth’s magnetic field; it protects living things from cosmic radiation. |
| Mesosphere: | The layer of the atmosphere above the stratosphere where temperature steadily decreases with increasing altitude. |
| Meteorolgy: | The science of the atmosphere. |
| Nitrogen: | A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that forms approximately 78 percent of the air by volume. |
| Oxygen: | A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that forms approximately 21 percent of the air by volume. |
| Ozone layer: | A layer of concentrated ozone located 20 to 50 km (12 to 31 mi.) above the earth’s surface; it shields the earth from harmful ultraviolet light. |
| Relative humidity: | The percentage of water the air is holding compared to the amount that it could hold at a given temperature. |
| Stratosphere: | A region of the atmosphere between the troposphere and mesosphere located between 12 and 50 km (7.4 and 31 mi.) above the earth. |
| Temperature: | The intensity of heat in a mass. |
| Thermosphere: | The uppermost layer of the earth’s atmosphere where temperature rises rapidly with altitude, just above the mesosphere. |
| Troposphere: | The lowest layer of the atmosphere where continual changes occur in temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, and precipitation; it extends up to 11 km (6.8 mi.). |
| Weather: | The condition of the atmosphere at any given time. |
| Wind-chill factor: | The apparent temperature drop due to wind. |
| What is so special about nitrogen in the atmosphere? | It dilutes the oxygen. |
| What is the “greenhouse effect”? | Warming of the lower layers of the atmosphere by infrared radiation given off from the earth after it has been heated by the sun. |
| Why do some recipes have special high-altitude directions? | At lower pressures, water boils at lower temperatures and thus food takes longer to cook if it is boiled in water. Bread and cakes rise more because there is less pressure surrounding them. |
| Why do people wear jackets on windy days even when the temperature is warm? | The wind is cooler. |
| How does God use the atmosphere to protect His organisms from cold? | The atmosphere traps warmth from the sun’s radiation. |
| How much of the solar radiation is absorbed, reflected, or otherwise distributed by the earth’s atmosphere? | Air absorbs about 18 percent, land and water absorb about 50 percent, and cloud reflects about 32 percent. |
| List the atmospheric conditions that compose weather. | Temperature, atmospheric pressure, Humidity, wind speed and direction, precipitation |
| What is the lapse rate? | The rate that temperature drops as altitude increases in the troposphere, 6.4 degrees C/km (3.5 degrees F/1,000 ft.) |
| What is the difference between weather and meteorology? | Weather- The condition of the atmosphere at any given time. Meteorology- The science of the atmosphere. |
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