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FINAL MATERIAL BI202
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| which gender has greater reproductive potential? | males. they produce sperm continuously. 400 million sperm to one female egg. |
| who invests more in each gamete? | female. she provides the most 1.time&energy to make gametes 2.gestation period 3.feeding (mammals) |
| In what way does sexual selection differ from natural selection? | NATURAL is the selection for traits that help an animal survive& reproduce.SEXUAL selection for traits that are focused on mating success. even if trait is harmful to survival. |
| examples of sexual selection that can be harmful. | deer with antlers shows age/health/experience. another is peacock tails females prefer the males to have an elaborate tail this prevents them from flying but attracts mates. |
| Define intrasexual selection. | evolution of traits aiding the competition for mates withing a gender EX: |
| Give some examples of intrasexual selection in males. | FIGHTING ex horns, antlers, large size MATE GUARDING ex harems, frog amplexus,mating announcement,prolonged copulation SPERM COMPETITION penis with bristles on it to clean out old sperm COPULATORY PLUG male cement shut vag. |
| Give some examples of intrasexual selection in females. | it is less common but thee is FIGHTING and HORMONAL SUPPRESSION ex wolves release hormones in her urine that alters mating cycle. |
| define intersexual selection | Evolution of traits attractive to the opposite sex |
| examples of intersexual selection | male beetle with beer bottle. male turkey don't need to be picky they mate with just a head and neck. |
| what male traits are important to females? | coloring(shows diet,& shows is the animal has parasites)size(shows good foraging skills)age(older male shows it can take care of itself) |
| What are the 2 main types of mating systems? | MONOGAMY pair bond between 1 male and 1 female POLYGAMY3 forms polygynous, polyandry, and polygynandry |
| subtypes of polygamy | polygynous- 1 male: several females polyandry- 1 female: several males polygynandry each gender multiple mates |
| list forms of parental investment | gametes (F) gestation/brooding (F) feeding offspring (F) protection (F/M) teaching (F/M) |
| What factors influence whether one or both parents care for the offspring? | Semelparity- “big bang”- reproduce once and die after-no parental care Heroparity- repeated reproductivity, -longer life , -more likely to have extensive care |
| Discuss parent offspring conflict. | Parent Offspring conflict- Blocking- baby blocks parent so has to feed Ex; Dogs- lick parents face to let them know they want to be fed. |
| What are the hypothesized reasons for juvenile dispersal? What factors affect which gender disperses? | Reasons for juvenile dispersal patterns- mammals- sons disperse widely, daughters stay local Polygynous-if sons want to find females, he has to go farther , because father owns territory and females Birds-sons stay close, daughters disperse widely |
| What is the difference between a territory and a home range? Give examples of different types of territories. | territory is an area that is defended against members of the same species especially same gender. EX geese.home range- area that an animal occupies but doesn't defend. EX types of territories:food,shelter,mating, all purpose territories. |
| What are the costs and benefits of maintaining a territory? | |
| How does an aggregation of animals differ from a social group or a colony? | aggregation- cluster of animals around some resource. animal may not all be same species. temporary assemblage.With no social bond. Social Group- same species with social bonds & this group is a semi-permanent group:colony bee hive, ants |
| what are the costs of living in a group? | 1.competition for resources 2.increase conspicuousness (hard to hide everyone) 3. risk of cuckoldry (faithfulness) increase 4. risk of canibalism 5. increase transmission of parasites and disease. |
| What are the anti-predator benefits of group living? | 1.viliance 2.dilution 3.confusion 4.alarm calls 5.mobbing predators |
| What are the food gathering benefits of group living | 1.more eyes for food "information center" 2.catching difficult prey 3.defending prey 4.carrying large prey 5.harvesting renewable resources effectively |
| What additional benefits are derived from group living? | 1.thermal(common in litters. regulate temp. huddle) 2.Aero/hydro-dynamic(geese &V-Shape) 3.Inferior competitors band 2defeat superior 4.Ease of mate assessment 5.Fraser-Darling Effect(flamingo must have certain # present to mate) 6.Division of Labor |
| How does agonistic behavior differ from aggression? | it is not only the act of fighting but the threats, displays, retreats, placating aggressors, and conciliation. |
| What can one infer about the social organization of organisms that possess a dominance hierarchy? | Pecking Order Rank 1 individual is the alpha & lowest is subordinate |
| What characteristics of an organism are known to affect its rank in a dominance hierarchy? | 1.size 2.age 3.gender 4.health 5.fighting ability 6.tenure in group 7.maternal rank 8.confidence effect... of prior wins 9.allies (coalition) 10.bystander effect |
| Why don't subordinate animals necessarily leave their group despite their poor rank? | there is no guaranty that the subordinate would have a higher rank protection they don't wanna be the alpha |
Created by:
chance.barrow
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