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Science- FINALS
vocab for finals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystal line structure? | mineral |
| What is a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means? | element |
| What is a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds? | compound |
| What is a solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern called? | crystal |
| What is a mineral that contains a combination of silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals called? | silicate mineral |
| What is a mineral that does not contain compounds of silicon and oxygen called? | non-silicate mineral |
| What is a mineral that is composed of only one element called? | native elements |
| What are minerals that contain combinations of carbon and oxygen in their chemical structure called? We use these minerals in cement, building stones, and fireworks. | carbonates |
| What are compounds that form when fluoride, chlorine, iodine, or bromine combine with sodium, potassium, or calcium called? These minerals are used in the chemical industry and in detergents. | halides |
| What are compounds that form when an element, such as aluminum or iron, combines chemically with oxygen called? These minerals are used to make abrasives, aircraft parts, and paint. | oxides |
| What are minerals that contain sulfur and oxygen, SO4, called? These minerals are used in cosmetics, toothpaste, cement, and paint. | sulfates |
| What are minerals that contain one or more elements, such as lead, iron, or nickel, combined with sulfur called? These minerals are used to make batteries, medicines, and electronic parts. | sulfides |
| This is the way in which a mineral reflects light. | luster |
| This is the color of the powder of a mineral. It can be found by rubbing the mineral against a piece of unglazed porcelain called a streak plate. | streak |
| This is the splitting of a mineral along smooth, flat surfaces. | cleavage |
| This is the manner in which a mineral breaks along either curved or irregular surfaces. | fracture |
| The measure of the ability if a mineral to resist scratching is called ______. | hardness |
| ______ is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance. (m/v=D) | density |
| __________ don't apply to all minerals. These special properties include fluorescence, chemical reaction, optical properties, magnetism, taste, and radioactivity. | special properties of minerals |
| Some minerals such as calcite and fluorite glow under ultraviolet light. This property is ______. | fluorescence |
| A thin, clear piece of a mineral such as calcite placed over hand image will cause a double image. This property is ______. | optical properties |
| A mineral such as calcite will become bubbly, or "fizz," when a weak drop of acid is placed on it. This property is _____. | chemical reaction |
| Minerals such as magnetite and pyrhotite are natural magnets that attract iron. This property is called _____. | magnetism |
| Minerals such as halite has a salty taste. This property is called _____. | taste |
| Minerals that contain radium or uranium can be detected by a Geiger counter. This property is called _____. | radioactivity |
| _____ is a natural material whose concentration of economically valuable minerals is high enough for the material to be mined for profit. | ore |
| What is the process of returning land to its original condition after mining is completed is called _____. | reclamation |
| _____ have shiny or dull surfaces, may let light pass through them, and are good insulators of electricity. Used for building roads, buildings, bridges, and other structures. | nonmetallic minerals |
| _____ have shiny surfaces, do not let light pass through them, and are good conductors of heat and electricity. Used in aircraft, automobiles, computers, communications, and electrical equipment, and spacecraft. | metallic minerals |
| 1. Nonmetallic minerals 2. Highly valued for their beauty and rarity rather than for their usefulness | gemstones |
| index mineral rock | |
| The continual process by which new rock forms from old rock. | rock cycle |
| The process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another. | erosion |
| The process in which material is laid down. | deposition |
| The chemical makeup of a rock; describes either the minerals or other minerals in the rock. | composition |
| The quality of a rock that is based on the sizes, shapes, and position of the rock's grains. | texture |
| 1. This rock is formed from magma. Once the magma cools, it becomes _____. 2. This rock's texture is determined by how fast or slow the magma cools. | igneous rock |
| Rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath the Earth's surface. | intrusive igneous rock |
| Rock that forms as a result of volcanic activity at or near the Earth's surface. | extrusive igneous rock |
| Sheetlike intrusions that cut across previous rock units. | dikes |
| Sheetlike intrusions that are oriented parallel to previous rock units. | sills |
| The largest formations of igneous rock. | batholiths |
| Intrusive bodies that are exposed over smaller areas than batholiths. | stocks |
| Sometimes lava erupts and flows from long cracks in the Earth's crust called _____. | fissures |
| When a large amount of lava flows out of fissures onto land, the lava can cover a large area and form a plain called a _____. | lava plateaus |
| The process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers. | stratification |
| 1. This type of rock is formed at the Earth's surface without extreme heat and pressure. 2. There are three types of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical and organic _____ rock. | sedimentary rock |
| Layers of rock (singular, STRATUM) | strata |
| 1. Rocks in which the structure, texture, or composition has changed. 2. There are two types of this rock which include foliated and non-foliated _____ rock. | metamorphic rock |
| 1. This type of metamorphic rock is easy to recognize because the grains are arranged in planes or bands. 2. Some examples are: slate, phylite, schist, or gneiss. | foliated metamorphic rock |
| 1. This type of metamorphic rock does not have alignment of the mineral grains. 2. It usually is made up of only one or a few minerals. | non-foliated metamorphic rock |
| 1.A change in the shape of a rock caused by a force placed on it. 2. These forces may cause a rock to be squeezed or stretched. | deformation |
| A principle that states that geologic processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geologic processes | uniformitarinism |
| A principle that states that geologic change occurs suddenly. | catastrophism |
| The scientific study of fossils | paleontology |
| The study of fossils of plants | palobotany |
| Any method of determining whether an event or object is older or younger than other events or objects. | relative dating |
| A principle that states that younger rocks lie above older rocks if the layers have not been disturbed. | superposition |
| An arrangement of rock layers in which the oldest rocks are at the bottom | geologic column |
| A break in the geologic record created when rock layers are eroded or when sediment is not deposited for a long period of time. | unconformity |
| 1. a part of the sequence of parallel rock is missing 2. Most common type of unconformity. 3. Can represent a thousand to a million years of missing rock | disconformity |
| 1. Found when horizontal sedimentary rock layers lie on top eroded surfaces of intrusive igneous or metamorphic rock. | nonconformity |
| 1. Found below layers of sedimentary rock that is layered horizontally and rock that has been tilted or folded. 2. Represents hundreds of thousands of millions of years of missing rock. | angular unconformity |
| Any method of measuring the age of an event or object in years. | absolute dating |
| An atom that has the same number of protons (or the same atomic number) as other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons (and thus a different atomic mass) | isotope |
| The process in which a radioactive isotope tends to break down into a stable isotope of the same element or another element. | radioactive decay |
| A method of determining the age of an object by estimating the relative percentages of a radioactive (parent) isotope and a stable (daughter) isotope. | radiometric dating |
| The time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to undergo radioactive decay. | half-life |
| The remains or physical evidence of an organism preserved by geologic processes. | fossil |
| A fossilized mark that is formed in soft sediment by the movement of an animal. | trace fossil |
| A mark or cavity made in a sedimentary surface by a shell or other body. | mold |
| A type of fossil that forms when sediment fill in the cavity left by a decomposed organism. | cast |
| A fossil that is found in the rock layers of only one geologic age and that is used to establish the age of the rock layers. | index fossil |
| The standard method used to divide the Earth's long natural history into manageable parts. | geologic time scale |
| The largest division of time. | eon |
| The second largest unit of time; the unit of time includes two or more periods. | era |
| The third largest division of time. | period |
| The fourth largest division of time. | epoch |
| The death of every species. | extinction |
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MAAheat05
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