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Stack #111951
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Cell: | Smallest unit of life, metabolizes, responds, grows, reproduces, has DNA, cytoplasm, and a plasma membrane. |
| What is the plasma membrane? | Outer membrane that separates a cell from the outside world, lets some things in, keeps some things out. |
| What is the nucleus? | A membrane-bound sac in the cell that contains the DNA |
| What is cytoplasm? | A semifluid composed of many things that fills the cell |
| What is the main difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? | Eukaryotes have many different kind of membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus. |
| What does the surface-area-to volume ratio mean? | A comparison between the surface area of the cell’s outside to the volume of the cell’s inside. |
| If a cell's diameter is too great, what happens? | The flow won’t be fast enough and the cell will die |
| Why is small, frilly cell best? | Frilly edges would greatly increase the surface area of the cell, even though the volume hasn’t changed. |
| Explain the metric scale adn the relation between micrometers, nanometers, millimeters, centimeters, and meters. | 1000 mm = 1 m, 1000 um = 1 millimeter, 1000 nm = 1 um. So a protein is 1000 times smaller than a bacterium, a bacterium is 10 times smaller than a typical plant or animal cell, and they are 10,000 times smaller than a person! |
| What was scientist Robert Hooke known for? | Coined the word, cell, from the latin cellulae. He got the idea from looking at the bark of cork trees with a microscope. |
| What did Anthony van Leeuwenhoek accomplish in the late 1600's? | He made exceptionally good microscopes for the day that could enable one to even see bacteria! |
| Who and in what year coined the phrase nuclues? | Robert brown in the 1820s. |
| What was Theodroe Schwann known for? | Animals and plants are composed of cells, and cells have a life of their own even when part of a larger organism. |
| What are the three parts of cell theory? | Every organism is composed of one or more cells, the cell is the smallest unit that is “alive”, and all life comes from pre-existing cells. |
| Compound microscopes bend ________ passing through a cell to enlarge the image. | Light waves. |
| How are dye stains used in looking at cells? | The dyes stain different cell parts in different ways so they can be distinguished. |
| The best light microscopes can enlarge cells up to ________ times. Whay can't smaller things be seen? | 2000, Smaller things can’t be seen in a light microscope because the things you want to see are smaller than one-half a wavelength. |
| How do electron microscopes work? | Use magnetic lenses to bend and focus beams of electrons. |
| How many times smaller can something be seen in an electron microscope than a light microscope? | About 100,000 times smaller! |
| What is the difference between a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope? | transmission, electrons pass through thin sample and internal details are brought into focus, while in a scanning electron microscope, a scanning beam of electrons is aimed at the surface of the object (coated in medal)to produce an image of the surface |
| What is a lipid-bilayer and how are phosphoslipids arranged in a cell mebrane? | A lipid bi-layer is the double arrangement of molecules with the hydrophilic heads of one layer facing outwards and the heads of the other layer facing inwards. The tails are hydrophobic and face towards each other. |
| The typical cell has an inside that is mostly _________ and is nestled with other cells in an outside enviorment that is mostly _____. | Water, water |
| If a cell membrane was a pb sandwich wich part would be which? | Bread is the “heads”, p.b. is the tails. |
| The membrane is a fluid mosaic composed of what 4 things? | Proteins, sterols, phospholipids, and glycolipids. |
| The membrane is fluid meaning: | Components drift around sideways, spin on their long axes, and flex their tails |
| How do hydrogen bonds interact with proteins in the lipid bi-layer? | Thye help proteins associate. |
| Explain some of the physical arrangements of proteins in the bi-layer. | Some span the bi-layer with hydrophilic parts extending past the surfaces, others are attached to structures inside the cell (cytoskeleton). |
| Name the 4 kinds of membrane proteins. | Adhesion-makes like cells stick together, Communication-forms channels to other cells' cytoplasma, Receptor-docking stations, Recognition- decides if cells are foreign or not. |
| Name the 2 types of transport proteins in a cell membrane? | Passive transport-gaps in membrane that let substances diffuse through, Active transport- requires input of ATP to move stuff in and out of the cell (revolving doors) |
| What is the ancient translation of Prokaryote? | Before the nucleus |
| Prokaryotes are the ________ known cells and are the most ________ diverse forms of life on Earth, exploitinf energy and raw materials in environments ranging from _________ to _________ to mountain _____. | smallest, metabolically, dry deserts, hot springs, ice. |
| What are the two domains of prokaryotes? | Eubacteria (true bacteria) and archaea (extremophiles). |
| What are two differences in the domains? | . Each domain starts its synthesis of polypeptides (proteins) with a different amino acid. b. Bacteria have no histones (proteins) attached to their DNA, but archaea has some (like Eukaryotes). |
| What do many archaea have attached to the outside of their membranes which enable them to withstand harsh environments while like near boiling water? | Dense lattice of proteins. |
| Most prokaryotes are very small, only _______ um long and have a ______ around the plasma membrane to give it shape. Inside, they also have a simple ______, a bit like the cytoskeleton in eukaryotes. | A few, rigid or semi-rigid cell wall, internal skeleton. |
| What are bacterial flagella and pili and how do they differ from those in eukaryotes? | Surface projections made of proteins that help the bacteria move (flagella) or attach to surfaces (pili) or exchange genetic information (pili). Eukaryotes’ flagella are more orderly in arrangement. |
| Bacterial cell membranes are also the site for ________ which harness light energy from the sun. | Photosynthesis |
| Another feature of the cytoplasm in bacteria is the functioning of the _____ which build proteins for the cell. | ribosomes |
| The bacterial chromosome is a single molecule of DNA in the form of a circle, concentrated in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. Plasmids are also found in bacteria which | DNA, circle, nucleoid, small circles of DNA that carry just a few genes, often giving it resistance to antibiotics. |
| The interior of eukaryotic cells are subdivided into a _____ and other organelles having _______. | Nucleus, specialized functions |
| What does eukaryote mean? | Eu- mean true. Karyon means kernal |
| In eukaryotes, the internal structure of proteins is called the_______ | cytoskeleton |
| what advantages do cell organelles offer to the cell? | . Encloses microenvironments unique to each type of organelle b. Membrane of organelle controls what enters of leaves the organelle c. Small organelles can concentrate substances for reactions |
| What solutes do the mitcochondria and chloropasts concentrate in order to form ATP? | Hydrogen ions |
| What potentially toxic substances do lysosomes contain that, if relesased into the cell, would digest the whole cell? | enzymes |
| Organelles in a cell are all "linked" in one way or another. Typically ________ move out of one organelle and into another | Ions and molecules |
| Describe the secretory pathway. | Polypeptide chains move from the ribosomes, through the endoplasmic reticulum, then through the Golgi bodies, and then to the plasma membrane where they are released from the cell. |
| What is the endocytic pathway? | Substances found outside the cell are enclosed in a sac (vesicle) pinched off from the plasma membrane, and transported to a particular area in the cell. |
| What is one good reason that chemical reactions are separated from one another by being enclosed in various organelle? | Keeps chemical reactions separate that are often incompatible. |
| A cell's structure and function start with _______and the instructions for building these are located in the ________. | proteins, DNA |
| What is a chromosome? | One double-stranded DNA molecule with all the other histone and other protein molecules attached to it. |
| What is chromatin? | The collection of all the DNA and associated proteins found in the nucleus. |
| What are the two main functions of the DNA? | Isolates the precious DNA from damaging reactions in the cytoplasm. b. Restricts access to the DNA and keeps DNA molecules organized. |
| In micrographs, when does DNA become visible and when does the DNA duplicate? | Becomes visible during actual division stages and the DNA is duplicated right before the cell division process. |
| What is the nuclear envelope, and what are the role of proteins in the envelope? | A lipid bi-layer that the encloses the semifluid interior of the nucleus. The proteins are organized into a system of pores (doorways) across the envelope. |
| What is the job of the nucleolus? | A site where the ribosomes are assembled from RNA and proteins |
| What three organelles make up the the endomembrane system? | Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and vesicles |
| All _______ that are destined for export or for insertion into cell membranes pass through the endomembrane system. | proteins |
| What are the two polymers that are processed and assembled in the ER? | proteins and lipids |
| What is the main difference between the rough ER and the smooth ER? | The rough ER has ribosomes attached adn the smooth ER doesn't |
| What raw materials typically enter the rough ER? | Polypeptide chains |
| What is usually made in the smooth ER? | Lipids |
| .Vesicles, filled with ______, break off from the end of the ER and fuse with the Golgi bodies | proteins |
| The Golgi bodies are folded into ______, membrane sacs and their main job is to attach ________ to proteins and lipids. | Bound sacs, sugar side chains |
| The finished polymer products from the Golgi bodies are packaged in ______ and shipped to the ______, ______ or ______. | Vesicles; Lysosomes, plasma membrane, or outside the cell |
| What is the role of the vesicles that pinch off of the Golgi bodies, called lysosomes? | Contain digestive enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. |
| What do peroxisomes do? | Hold enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids. |
| What is hydrogen peroxide and how is it dealt with? | A toxic by-product of metabolism that is broken down by enzymes in peroxisomes. |
| How does the central vacuole of plant cells form and what is its purpose? | A large vacuole formed by the fusion of small vesicles. It stores ions, amino acids, sugars, and toxic substances. |
| What is the difference between the exocytic pathway and the endocytic pathway? | The first is when vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents to the outside. The second is just the reverse. |
| What is the energy carrier molecule that is used in all cellular reactions? | ATP |
| Prokaryotes don't have mitochondria (the powerhouse of the cell), but can they still make ATP and if so, how does the efficiency of ATP production compare with that of eukaryotes? | Yes, the mitochondria in eukaryotes makes far more ATP from the same compounds. |
| Why is the inner memrane of the mitochondrion elaboratley folded over and over? | To increase the surface area for chemical reactions to take place. |
| In the inner membrane space, -------- accumulates from the breakdown of organic compounds which then flow through the --------- to the outer compartment, thus producing ATP. | H+ ions, inner membrane |
| How is oxygen used in the above reactions? | It is used to capture the spent electrons, thus keeping the reactions going. |
| The main place oxygen is needed in your body is the millions of ------------ found in most of your cells. | Mitochondrion |
| What are plastids? | Organelles in plants for photosynthesis or storage. |
| In the Chloroplasts, energy from the sun drives the formation of ----------- and -------- which later are used to form --------. | ATP and NADPH, organic compounds like sugars. |
| Why is the inner membrane of the chloroplasts (thylakoids) folded over and over into flattened disks? | To increase the surface area for chemical reactions to take place on. |
| Polysaccharides are formed in the stroma (inner fluid space of the chloroplast) from -------- and --------- | Carbon Dioxide, Water |
| Some scientists think that both the mitochondria and the chloroplasts are bacterial in origin and were probably ingested in the primitive eukaryotic cells 100's of millions of years ago. What is some of the evidence of this. | Both have their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes. |
| What is the cytoskeleton made of? | Protein filaments |
| What do microtubules do? | Form a dynamic framework that move structures (ex: chromosomes) to specific locations |
| How does the poison from the crocus plant affect animals? | Blocks the assembly of microtubules so cells can’t divide |
| How does the drug taxol kill cancer cells? | It is another microtubule poison that stops the uncontrolled cell division process |
| What is the main role of the microfilaments | They reinforce cell shape and cause it to change |
| ____________ filaments are the most stable parts of some cytoskeletons and they also help to maintain _________. | Intermediate, structure |
| If in an analogy, the microtubules and the microfilaments where the train tracks in a busy city, what would the train engines be? | motor proteins |
| Some motor proteins, such as the kinesins in plants, move chloroplasts from one position to another to take advantage of sunlight striking the leaf. True/false? | True |
| What kind of motor proteins are responsible for aiding in muscle contraction in animal cells? | Myosin |
| What do the flagella and the cilia look like? | Flagella are much longer and much fewer in number than cilia |
| What type of structure do spern use to "swin"? | Flagella |
| Which type do you have in the airways to your lungs and what is their job? | Cilia, beat to keep out airborne bacteria and other particles |
| What are the features of a cell wall for the organism? | a. Protects b. Supports c. Porous, water and solutes easily move through it |
| What type of organisms have cell walls? | Prokaryotes, plants, some single-celled protists, many fungi |
| What is the Primary Cell Wall Made Of? | It is made primarily out of cellulose and pectin |
| What is the differejce between the primary cell wall in a young cell and the mature secondary cell wall? | Secondary is more rigid, extensive, and functions as structural support (think wood) |
| Do animal cells have cell walls? | No |
| What is a Cell junction? | a. Molecular structures that enable a cell to communicate with adjacent cells |
| What is a plasmodesmata? | An example of a junction in plant cells in which the cytoplasm of one cell is connected to another cell. |
| What Are the Three Main Types of Animal Cell Junctions? | a. Tight junctions-seal one cell to another so the gap between is waterproof, preventing leakage. b. Adhering junctions-glue one cell to its neighbors c. Gap junctions-also link the cytoplasm of certain cells to their neighbors creating open channels |
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CallieMollyElizabeth
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