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Chapter 14 A&P
Integration of Nervous System Functions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is sensation or perception? | The conscious awareness of stimuli received by SENSORY receptors |
| Sensation requires what five components? | STIMULUS, RECEPTOR, CONDUCTION OF AN ACTION POTENTIAL TO THE CNS, TRANSLATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL, PROCESSING OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL IN CNS SO THAT PERSON IS AWARE OF SENSATION |
| What are the three categories that the senses include? | SOMATIC, VISCERAL, and SPECIAL SENSES |
| What are the somatic senses? (THINK bodily changes) | Touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception, and pain |
| What are the visceral senses? (THINK internal changes) | Pain and pressure |
| What are the special senses? | Smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance |
| What do MECHANORECEPTORS respond to? | Compression, bending, stretching of cells. TOUCH, PRESSURE, PROPRIOCEPTION, HEARING, AND BALANCE |
| What do CHEMORECEPTORS respond to? | Chemicals become attached to receptors on their membranes; SMELL and TASTE |
| What do THERMORECEPTORS respond to? | Respond to changes in temperature |
| What do PHOTORECEPTORS respond to? | Respond to light vision |
| What do NOCICEPTORS respond to? | Extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli; PAIN |
| Where are the EXTERORECEPTORS located? | Associated with the SKIN |
| Where are the VISCERORECEPTORS located? | Associated with the ORGANS |
| Where are the PROPRIOCEPTIONS located? | Associated with JOINTS and TENDONS |
| What does the term PROPRIOCEPTION mean? | The perception of position and movement of parts of the body |
| What do free nerve endings respond to? | Detect light touch, pain, itch, tickle, and temperature |
| What do Merkel disks respond to? | Light touch and superficial pressure |
| What do hair follicle receptors respond to? | Sensation of light touch when the hair is bent |
| What do the Pacinian corpuscles respond to? | Located in the dermis and hypodermis, detect pressure. In joints they serve a proprioceptive function |
| What do the Meissner corpuscles respond to? | Located in the dermis; responsible for two-point discriminative touch - can detect pain in two different spots in the body at a certain distant away more easily detect on the back then tongue and hands |
| What do the Ruffini end organs respond to? | Continuous touch or pressure |
| What do the muscle spindles do? | Located in skeletal muscles; are proprioceptors |
| What do the Golgi tendon organs do? | Embedded in tendons, respond to changes in tension |
| What is a graded potential? | AKA: RECEPTOR or GENERATOR potential; results from interaction of sensory receptor with stimulus |
| What are PRIMARY RECEPTORS? | Axons conduct action potentials in response to receptor potential (EX: free nerve endings) |
| What are SECONDARY RECEPTORS? | Cause release of neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on a neuron causing a receptor potential, which can produce an action potential if threshold is reached (EX: special senses - hearing, smell, taste, balance) |
| What is ACCOMMONDATION or ADAPTION? | Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus |
| What are slowly adapting (TONIC) receptors? Give an example. | Receptors that accommodate slowly. EX: know where little finger is without looking |
| What are rapidly adapting (PHASIC) receptors? Give an example. | Receptors that accommodate rapidly. EX: know where hand is as it moves |
| What are sensory (ASCENDING) TRACTS? | Send sensory information to the brain UP; associated with specific sensory modality (temperature, proprioception) |
| What do ascending pathways carry and what are the two major ascending systems? | Carry conscious and unconscious sensations. ANTERIOLATERAL and the DORSAL COLUMN/MEDIAL-LEMNISCAL SYSTEMS |
| What are the three tracts in the ANTERIOLATERAL system? What do they do? | Spinothalamic, spinoreticular, spinomesencephalic; all carry information originating from cutaneous receptors to the brain |
| What are the two tracts in the DORSAL-COLUMN/MEDIAL-LEMNISCAL system? | Fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus; all carry information for joints, tendons, muscles of inferior (f. gracilis) and superior (f. cuneatus) halves of the body |
| What do the SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACTS do? | Carry proprioception information to the cerebellum for monitoring |
| Where is the primary somatic sensory cortext (general sensory area) located? | Postcentral gyrus |
| Where is the taste area located? | Insula - deep inferior end of postcentral gyrus |
| Where is the olfactory cortex? | Inferior surface of frontal lobe |
| Where it the primary auditory cortex located? | Superior part of temporal lobe |
| Where is the visual cortex located? | Occipital lobe |
| Association areas is where process of recognition occurs. Where is the somatic sensory area? | Posterior to primary somatic sensory cortex |
| Where is the visual association area located? | Anterior to visual cortex |
| What is the homunculus? | A map showing the pattern of the primary somatic sensory cortex in each hemisphere arranged in an upside way where the head is located inferiorly and the feet is superiorly |
| What does the homunculus tell you? | Size of various organs related to the number of sensory receptors in that area of the body |
| Where are the upper motor neurons located in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? | Cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem |
| Where are the lower motor neurons located in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? | In the cranial nuclei or the anterior horn of the spinal cord gray matter |
| Where do the upper and lower motor neurons come together? | In the brainstem and spinal cord |
| What are the two types of PYRAMIDAL "DIRECT" tracts? And what are their main functions? | Corticobulbar, corticospinal; "conscious, skilled movements" and muscle tone |
| What do the corticobulbar tract do? | Maintain muscle tone and control fine motor movements of head and face (c. bulbar) |
| What do the corticospinal tract do? | Maintain muscle tone and control fine motor movements of body below head (c. spinal) |
| What are the four types of EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS "INDIRECT"? And what are their functions? | Rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal, tectospinal; coordination of muscle movements, posture, and balance |
| Where is the primary motor cortex located? | Precentral gyrus |
| What is the function of the basal nuclei? | Important in planning, organizing, coordinating movements and posture |
| What is the function of the cerebellum? | Helps maintain muscle tone in postural muscles, helps control balance during movement, and coordinate eye movement |
| What pathways pass through the brainstem and what nerves are located there? | All ascending and descending pathways pass through and nuclei of cranial nerves III-X and XII, and nuclei of reticular formation located here |
| What are the functions of the brainstem? | Many reflexes important to survival located here: heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, sleep, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing |
| What does the reticular activating system (RAS) do? | Controls sleep/wake cycle |
| How is wakefulness maintained? | By information coming in from the eyes, ears, and information from the cerebral cortex |
| Where is the speech area located? | In the left cerebral cortex |
| What does the Wernicke's area do? | Comprehends and formulates speech |
| What does the Broca's area do? | Receives input from Wernicke's area; cause the muscle movements required for speech |
| What does the term aphasia mean? | Absent or defective speech or language comprehension |
| How does communication occur between the right and left hemispheres? | Each cerebral hemisphere controls and receives input from the opposite side of the body |
| How are the right and left hemispheres connected? | By the commissure |
| What is the name of the largest commissure and what is its function? | Corpus callosum; allows the sharing of information between hemispheres |
| Which hemisphere is dominant in most people and controls speech and analytical speech? | Left hemisphere |
| What hemisphere controls spatial and musical abilities? | Right hemisphere |
| What do EEGS (Electroencephalograms) do? | Record the electrical activity of the brain as alpha, beta, theta, delta; show sleep patterns and detect brain disorders |
| Describe the working or sensory memory. | Transient, lasts a few seconds to minutes |
| Describe the short-term memory. | Lasts longer than working memory. Minutes to days. |
| Describe the long-term memory. | Converted from short-term by consolidation. |
| What is declerative memory? Give examples. | Retention of facts; EX: names, dates, places; easily stated, or declared |
| What is procedural (implicit; reflective) memory? Give examples. | Development of skills. EX: riding a bike or playing a piano. |
| Where is the limbic system located? | Part of cerebrum (cingulate gyrus and hippocampus) and diencephalon - various nuclei of thalamus, part of the basal nuclei, hypothalamus, olfactory cortex. and fornix |
| What does the limbic system do? | Involved with emotions, motivation, mood, visceral functions, and memory; basic survival functions - reproduction and nutrition |
Created by:
nnguye42
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