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UCF BSC2010C Test 6
With Walters/Thomas
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bacteria | -Living (prokaryotes) -No Nucleus |
| Viruses | -Non-Living -Called particle, not cells -Can't Survive or reproduce without host cell -Composed of protons & nucleic acids |
| Protein Shell | -Capsid |
| Capsomeres | -Protein subunits of Capsids |
| Viral Envelope | -Membrane that covers some capsids, it is derived from the host cell, copies the cells glycoprotein (cellular ID tag). |
| Copying Glycoprotein Cells | -Causes virus to look like a normal cell to the immune system |
| Host Range | -Kind of cells a virus can infect. -Each Virus has a different Host Range |
| Virus Cycles | -Lysogenic Cycle -Lytic Cycle |
| Lysogenic Cycle | - Host Cell lives -No symptoms -Viral DNA is incorporated to host cells chromosome (prophage) |
| Prophage | -Viral DNA is incorporated to host cells chromosome |
| Lytic Cycle | - host cell dies -host cell bursts -show symptons |
| Temperant Virus | -Goes through both lytic and lysogenic cycles |
| Virulent Virus | -Only goes through the Lytic cycle |
| Provirus | -Insertion into animal cell |
| Retrovirus | -RNA virus that goes backwards (creates DNA from an RNA template) -Reverse Transcriptase is the associated Enzyme |
| HIV | -single stranded -RNA Retrovirus |
| Medical Weapons Against Viral Infection | -Vaccines -New Antiviral Drugs |
| Vaccines | -prevents infection by mobilizing immune system using dead or weak variants of a virus |
| New Antiviral Drugs | -Interfere with nucleic synthesis |
| 3 Processes of Emerging Viruses | -Mutation of existing virus (ex. flu) -Spread of virus from one host to another (ex. Bird flu) -Spread of virus from small to large populations (ex. AIDS) |
| West Nile Virus | -Can cause fetal encephalitis (brain swelling to death) -Kills humans and horses -Goes from birds to mosquitoes (doesn’t kill either) -Cases found in Florida this year |
| Pandemic | -Only refers to flu viruses |
| New flu viruses _______, spreads ______ from person to person, little or no ________, high _____ ____. | (emerges, easily, immunity, death rate) |
| Bird flu | -Avain Influenza A -Type A Virus (H5N1 virus) -Very contagious: passes via bird saliva, bird nasal secretions, bird feces -Makes domesticated bird very ill (usually killing them) -Asia: 51% mortality at start |
| Swine flu | -H1N1 or H3N2 -18,449 known deaths worldwide -2 weeks to completely develop antibodies after shot |
| HPV | -Causes: cervical cancer, or genital warts for both men & women -Vaccine: Gardacil - Vaccine is made from proteins on outer coat of virus |
| Plant Virus | -Most RNA viruses |
| What two ways are Plant Viruses spread? | -Horizontal -Vertical |
| Horizontal Spread of Plant Viruses | -Virus from external sources (garden, insects) |
| Vertical Spread of Plant Viruses | -Inherit from parents (via the seeds) |
| Viriod | - Circular RNA molecules -Infect Plants -Don't encode for proteins |
| Prions | -Infectious misfolded proteins, cause degenerative brain diseases, passed along by food. |
| Mad Cow Disease | -Degenerative Brain Disease -Called Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in humans |
| Evolution | -Processes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest forms to today’s diversity |
| Jean Lemark | -Scientist before Darwin who had theories on how life evolved, that made any sense |
| JL's Good Theories | - Used fossil records -Related extinct species to extant species -Proposed changes were due to environmental adaptation |
| JL's Bad Theories | -Use/Disuse -Inheritance of acquired characteristic |
| Use/Disuse | -body parts used a lot become bigger and stronger, parts not used deteriorate |
| Inheritance of acquired characteristic | -modifications acquired during lifetime passed on to offspring |
| Gradualism | -Populations evolve slowly over time |
| Origin of Species | -Published by C.D. in 1859 -2 Main Ideas -He wrote the book 10 years earlier but didn’t publish it because the ideas went against the church -He finally presented his ideas when a man named Alfred Wallace was about the publish the same findings |
| Alfred Wallace | -Young Scientist who went to Charles Darwin to get his opinion his works & findings. -His findings were similar to Darwin's own work. |
| Natural Selection Theory | -Two populations of a species isolated in different environments diverge as they become adapted to local conditions -Over many generations the two populations become dissimilar enough to be considered separate species |
| Decent with Modification | -1st Main Idea from Charles Darwin's book, Origin of Species -Everyone comes from a common ancestor -Branching Tree |
| Natural Selection | -2nd Main Idea from Charles Darwin's book, Origin of Species -Result: Adaptation of organisms to their environment -Survival of the Fittest (Walters prefers term relative fitness) -Survival is not random |
| Survival _____ random | (isn't) -Individuals best suited for the environment leave more offspring -Favorable characteristics accumulate and gradually change the population |
| Branching Tree | - 1 common trunk, multiple branches - similar species, branch at top of tree -dissimilar species, branch near base of tree -most branches are dead-ends (99% species extinct) |
| Relative Fitness | -Synonym of Survival of the Fittest -if produce more individuals than environment can support, struggle for existence, only fraction survive |
| "Speedy" natural selection | -Darwin noticed this -Insecticide resistant insects -Drug resistant viruses/bacteria |
| Charles Darwin | -Born in England 1809 -Dad wanted him to be Doctor -Failed out of Medical School -Went to Cambridge to join clergy -Considered Gradualist -Wrote Origin of Species -Married cousin |
| Charles Darwin's Voyage | -Dec 1831 he sailed as a naturalist on the H.M.S Beagle -Beagle charted the S. American coastline and Darwin collected specimen -Went to Galapagos Islands -Trip lasted 5 years |
| Studies in the Galapagos Islands | -Occurred during his 5 year trip on H.M.S. Beagle -Most of his work on the different beak shapes of finches |
| Microevolution | -Smallest scale of change in a population over generations |
| Population | -group of individuals of a species that share a common geographic area |
| Species | -Groups of populations that have the potential to interbreed in nature |
| 5 conditions to maintain Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium | (No changes in gene pool.)* Helpful Mnemonic: Really Loud Noise Gets Nerds Mad 1. Random Mating 2. Large Population 3. No Gene Flow 4. No Natural Selection 5. No Mutations |
| If any condition of _____ ________ ___________ is violated it leads to ______________. | (Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium, microevolution) |
| Gene Flow | -Migration of fertile individuals of transfer of gametes b/w populations Example: Pollen in the wind |
| Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium | -Non- evolving population -Used as a reference point |
| Natural Selection can alter the _________ in _ ____. | (Population, 3 ways) -Directional Selection -Disruptive Selection- Stabilizing Selection |
| Directional Selection | -Everything evolves towards one extreme |
| Disruptive Selection | -Everything evolves towards both extremes |
| Stabilizing Selection | -Everything evolves towards the middle |
| Genetic Drift | -Changes in gene pool of population due to chance. |
| Small Populations | -Less than 100 individuals -cause Samling Errors |
| Mutation | -Restore Variation |
| Founder Effect | -Few individuals colonize a new habitat |
| Bottleneck Effect | -Population drastically reduced by natural disaster |
| Sampling Errors | -Are caused by small populations. -Cause Genetic Drift |
| Neutral Variation | -Variation with no advantage/disadvantages, no impact on reproductive success |
| Preserve Genetic Variation | -Diploidy -Balancing Selection |
| Diploidy | -AKA heterozygote protection -Maintain recessive allele in heterozygotes -Allele exists but it is not detrimental because it is not expressed -Maintains large gene pool |
| Balancing Selection | -Heterozygous Advantage -Frequency Dependent Selection |
| Heterozygous Advantage | -Heterozygotes have a better chance at survival and reproductive success Example: Sickle Cell AA: don’t have sickle cell, no resistance to malaria Aa: don’t have sickle cell, have resistance to malaria aa: have sickle cell, have resistance to malaria |
| Frequency Dependent Selection | -Success at any one morph declines when phenotypic form becomes too common |
| Allele Frequency | p + q = 1 |
| Genotype Frequency | p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 |
| Dominant Allele Frequency | p |
| Recessive Allele Frequency | q |
| Dominant Homozygotes Genotype | p^2 |
| Recessive Homozygotes Genotype | q^2 |
| Heterozygotes Genotype | 2pq |
| Speciation | -When one species splits into two or more species |
| Biological Species Concept | -Population (or group of populations) whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring |
| Reproductive Isolation | -Prevent interbreeding between different species |
| Hybrid | -2 different species mate |
| Biological Barriers | -Pre-Zygotic -Post-Zygotic |
| Geographical Barriers | -Allopatric Speciation -Sympatric Speciation |
| Tempo of Speciation | -Gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium (evolution happens real quickly with some change, and then no changes for a really long time… one quick change with a lot of stasis in between) |
| Sympatric Speciation | -Definition: No barrier, generally a mutation creates a new species -Generally found in plants -Accidents in cell division that resulted in extra sets of chromosomes (polyploidy) -Over 80% of plants |
| Allopatric Speciation | -Definition: Physical barriers, evolve to different species over time -Initial block of gene flow is a geographic barrier that separates populations -Effectiveness of barrier depends on ability of organisms to disperse EX: glaciers or mountains |
| Pre-Zygotic | -Habitat Isolation -Temporal Isolation -Behavioral Isolation -Mechanical Isolation -Gametic Isolation |
| Post-Zygotic | -Reduced Hybrid Viability -Reduced Hybrid Fertality -Hybrid Breakdown |
| Internal Fertilization | -Sperms don't survive |
| External Fertilization | -Gametes don’t recognize each other |
| Reduced Hybrid Viability | -Mortality as an embryo |
| Reduced Hybrid Fertility | -Hybrids survive but are sterile |
| Hybrid Breakdown | -1st generation of hybrids are viable and fertile, 2nd generation either die or are sterile |
| Mechanic Isolation | -Anatomical incompatibility prevents sperm transfer |
| Gametic Isolation | -Gametes of different species meet but do not fuse to form a zygote |
| Temporal Isolation | -2 species breed at different times of day/season/year |
| Habitat Isolation | -2 species live in the same area but different habitats |
| Behavioral Isolation | -Species specific signals/behaviors |
| Gene Pool | -All genes in population at any one time |
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