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112 Test 4
Urinary and Reproductive Systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Kidneys regulate composition and volume of blood by...(4) | Removal of waste Regulation of blood pH Regulation of blood pressure Aid in RBC formation |
| What are the three steps of urine formation? | Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion |
| What is the volume filtered by the kidneys daily? | 48 gallons |
| Filtration involves movement of fluids and dissolved substances from ___ to ___ | Blood, Nephron |
| What are the three steps of filtration? | Blood enters glomerulus High glomerular blood pressure forces filtrate through capillary wall RBCs and proteins stay in blood |
| This structure is a large network of capillaries, which increase surface area... | Glomerulus |
| Podocytes act as ___ in the glomerulus | Filters |
| The incoming arteriole into the glomerulus is the ___ arteriole, it is relatively ___ | Afferent, large |
| The outgoing arteriole from the glomerulus is the ___ arteriole, it is relatively ___ | Efferent, small |
| What is the Glomerular blood pressure (fluid moving out of glomerulus) | +55mm Hg |
| Fluid pressures moving into glomerulus: Blood osmotic pressure? Capsular Hydrostatic pressure? | -30mm Hg, -15mm Hg |
| Net filtration pressure of glomerulus | +10mm Hg |
| How does kidney disease alter filtration pressure? | Glomerulus is highly permeable, plasma proteins leak out |
| How does low blood pressure alter filtration pressure? | Hemorrhaging and drop in filtration pressure |
| Very low/nonexistent passing of urine due to low filtration pressure is called... | anuria |
| How does stress alter filtration pressure? | Increased sympathetic stimulation, afferent constriction, drop in filtrate/urine volume |
| How do kidney stones alter filtration pressure? | Ureter is blocked, pressure backs up in nephron, builds up in capsule, filtration drops |
| % of filtrate is reabsorbed (tubular reabsorption) | 99%, 0.5 out of 48 gallons |
| Where does tubular reabsorption happen? | Throughout renal tubule |
| Fluids and solutes move from ___ to ___ | Nephron, peritubular capillaries |
| During reabsorption, Na+ is ___ transported from ___ to ___ and ___ | Actively, proximal convoluted tubule, distal tubule and ascending limb |
| Reabsorption of water follows ___ by ___-- ___% | Na+, osmosis, 80% |
| During reabsorption, Cl- follows along ___ gradient | electrical |
| During reabsorption, urea concentration ___ as water leaves, moves ___ concentration gradient | rises, down |
| % of urea returned to blood | 50% |
| normally, ___ glucose that is filtered is reabsorbed by ___ | all, active transport |
| tubular maximum for glucose reabsorption | 220mg/dL |
| what happens to glucose above the tubular maximum? | excreted in urine |
| During reabsorption, amino acids are ___ from ___ | actively transpored, proximal convoluted tubules |
| During reabsorption, vitamins are ___ transported | actively |
| For water to be reabsorbed from nephron, surrounding tissues must always be ___ in salt concentration | higher, water will always move towards salt |
| Salt gradient is created by these two structures | Vasa recta and Loop of Henle |
| This structure is the region of peritubular capillaries | Vasa Recta |
| Funtion of vasa recta | recycles salts |
| Loop of Henle function | pumps salt out of nephron |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) regulates reabsorbed water from collecting tube. ADH ___ water reabsorption | increases |
| ADH increases water reabsorption by causing ___ and ___ to become ___ permeable to water | distal tubule, collecting tubule, more |
| More water reabsorption causes ___ urine and ___ blood pressure | hypertonic (concentrated), increased blood pressure |
| Less water reabsorption due to ADH absences causes ___ urine and ___ in blood pressure | dilute, drop |
| ADH is regulated by ___ in the ___ | osmoreceptors, hypothalamus |
| Hypothalamus produces ADH and releases it through the ___ | neurohypophysis |
| aldoesterone is a mineral-corticoid produced in the ___ | adrenal cortex |
| aldosterone regulates ___ excretion by ___ reabsorption in distal and collecting tubes | Na+, stimulating |
| % of Na+ left by the time it reaches distal tubule | 2% (30grams) |
| ___ arteriole is sensitive to changes in blood pressure, secretes ___ | afferent, renin |
| ___ is sensitive to levels of Na+, stimulates release of ___ | Macula Densa, renin |
| ___ to ___ via renin | Angiotensinogen, Angiotensin I |
| Angiotensin I to ___ via ___ | Angiotensin II, enzyme |
| in tubular secretion, substances move from ___ to ___ | tubular cap. to tubular fluid |
| substances secreted in tubular secretion (5) | K, H, ammonia, creatine, urea |
| during tubular secretion, most are ___ secreted in ___ and ___ | actively, distal, collecting (some in loop and proximal too) |
| this value shows how well kidneys remove substance from the blood | Renal Plasma Clearance Value (RPCV) |
| RPCV of Glucose | 0 |
| RPCV of Penicillin | high |
| RPCV of Creatine | 140 mL/min |
| RPCV of urea | 70mL/min |
| RPCV depends on... (3) | amount of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion |
| ___ is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted | Inulin |
| clearance of ___ equals GFR | inulin |
| normally, water loss should equal water gain. fluid makes up ___ to ___% of body weight | 55-60% |
| 3 sources of water input | food, liquid, metabolic water |
| what is metabolic water | water released during synthesis reactions (formation of proteins, carbs, lipids) |
| 5 sources of water output | urine, sweat, transpiration, expired air, GI tract |
| increase in osmolarity of intersitial fluid causes cells to ___ in size | shrink |
| decrease in osmolarity of interstitial fluid causes cells to ___ in size, kidneys compensate by ___ water | swell, excrete |
| volume depletion can be caused by (5) | bleeding, burns, vomiting, diarrhea, Addison disease (aldosterone hyposecretion) |
| ___ is characterized by the loss of more water than sodium | dehydration |
| when dehydrated, extracellular fluid osmolarity is ___ | high |
| dehydration also affects brain cells. dehydration can be caused by (3) | not drinking, diabetes, excess sweating |
| cause of water intoxication... | loss of water and salt due to excess sweating/vomiting/diarrhea replaced only with plain water |
| water intoxiciation causes ___ in interstitial Na which causes ___ in interstitial osmotic pressure | drop, drop |
| during water intoxication, water moves from ___ fluid to ___ fluid | interstitial to intracellular |
| decreased BV/BP from water intoxication can cause excess water in nerve cells which can cause (3) | convulsions, coma, death |
| solute that does not break apart in solution | nonelectrolyte |
| 4 organic nonelectrolytes | glucose, urea, creatine, amino acids |
| solutes that split into ions when dissolved | electrolytes (acid, base, salts) |
| number of particles in solution expressed as... | mOsm |
| 4 functions of electrolytes | essential minerals control osmosis control acid/base balance carry elec. currents |
| 4 major ions | Na, Cl, K, Ca |
| most abundant electrolyte | Na |
| Na functions (2) | fluid/electrolyte balance, action potentials |
| loss of sodium is called... | hyponatremia |
| hyponatremia can lead be caused by | vomit, burns, diarrhea, sweat |
| hyponatremia leads to water in neurons which can cause (4) | headache, weakness, dizziness, coma |
| excess sodium is called | hypernatremia |
| hypernatremia causes cellular dehydration which leads to (2) | agitation, coma |
| most abundant mineral in body | Ca |
| ___% of Calcium in bone | 98% (some in plasma) |
| 4 functions of calcium | bone hardness, blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle contraction |
| ___ increases calcium levels | parathromone |
| parathromone increases Ca levels by (3) | releasing it from bone, increasing GI absorption, increasing kidney reabsorption |
| ___ decreases calcium levels | Calcitonin |
| Calcitonin decreases calcium levels by... | depositing more in bone |
| Most abundant intracellular ion | K |
| K functions (3) | action potentials, osmotic pressure in cells, regulation of pH (exchange for H) |
| ___ stimulates secretion of K and excretion in urine | aldosterone |
| second most abundant extracellular ion | Chloride |
| Cl function | balances osmotic pressure, Chloride shift in red cells |
| ___ regulates chloride, which passively follows sodium | Aldosterone |
| normal pH range | 7.3-7.5 |
| 3 acid-base regulation systems (and their response times) | respiratory (minutes) chemical blood buffers (hours) kidneys (hours/days) |
| pH regulation hinges on regulation of... | H |
| respiratory regulation of pH works by... | altering rate/depth of breathing |
| respiratory regulation of pH...more basic = ___ breathing and ___ CO2 | increase, exhale more |
| drop in blood pH stimulates ___ in ___ which ___ breathing rate/depth | respiratory center, medulla, increases |
| lower CO2 in blood leads to ___ H (___ pH) | lower, higher |
| respiratory center is ___ when blood pH is high | inhibited |
| ___ regulation can usually eliminate more acid/base than all other buffers combined | respiratory |
| four main buffer systems | carbonic acid- bicarbonate phosphate hemoglobin proteins |
| when pH is low, HC03 (bicarbonate) acts as weak ___ by picking up ___ | base, H |
| when pH is high, H2CO3 (carbonic acid) acts as weak ___ by releasing ___ | acid, H |
| sodium dihydrogen phosphate chemical formula, a weak ___ | NaH2PO4, acid |
| sodium monohydrogen phosphate chemical formula, a weak ___ | Na2HPO4, base |
| hemoglobin is a very weak ___ | acid |
| ___ buffers H2CO3 in RBCs | hemoglobin |
| ___ can act as either acids or bases in blood, most abundant buffer in cells and plasma | proteins |
| kidney regulation of blood pH is based by secreting ___ or secreting/reabsorbing | H, HCO3 |
| kidney regulation of acidosis (3 steps) | HCO3 formed in nephorn and reabsorbed HCO3 removes H from blood H excreted |
| kidney regulation of alkalosis (2 steps) | HCO3 reabsorbed HCO3 secreted |
| acidosis alkalosis imbalance at pH: | less than 7.35 or more than 7.45 |
| physiological effects of acidosis (3) | CNS depression, coma, death |
| 3 respiratory causes of acidosis- conditions that decrease movement of CO2 from blood to alveoli | emphysema, pulmonary edema, medullary injuries |
| metabolic causes of acidosis from drop in HCO3 (2) | diarrhea, kidney damage |
| metabolic cause of acidosis from increase in H...ketosis- fat metabolism during (3) | diabetes, fasting, starvation |
| metabolic acidosis compensation by respiratory system | hyperventilation |
| alkalosis can cause ___ of CNS (___ synaptic transmission leads to 3 things) | overexcitability, increased... nervous, spasms, convulsions |
| 2 respiratory causes of alkalosis (from hyperventilation) | high altitude (O2 lack), anxiety |
| kidney compensation of alkalosis ___ H secretion ___ HCO3 reabsorption ___ HCO3 secretion | decreased, decreased, increased |
| metabolic cause of alkalosis (loss of H) | vomiting |
| in response to alkalosis, lungs ... | hypoventilation |
| sex determination XY ___ XX ___ | heterozygotes, homozygotes |
| 3 features of Y chomosome | 2 genes unique to Y, cause testes to form, produce testosterone at week 6 |
| without y chromosome, embryo automatically becomes ___ and forms ___ | female, ovaries |
| XXY | sterile retarded male chromosomes (Klinefelters) |
| XYY | tall male, may have impaired fertility |
| X | sterile female chromosome (no ovaries. Turners-webbed neck) |
| XXX or XX | normal female chormosomes |
| Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) produced in ___ of ___ | anterior pituitary of hypothalamus |
| GnRH released in pulses every __ min. | 60 |
| GnRH stimulates release of ___ and ___ | LH and FSH |
| ___ stimulates sperm production (along with testosterone) | FSH |
| FSH causing spermatogenesis is a ___ feedback loop. rising sperm causes ___ from ___ which turns off FSH | negative, inhibin, seminiferous tubules |
| __ stimulates testosterone production and aids in sperm development | LH |
| 5 effects of testosterone | sex organs, testes descent, sex char., libido, sperm maturation |
| arousal is regulated by ___ reflex | parasympathetic |
| thoughts and sensory stimulation can trigger release of ___ in men, relaxes smooth muscles, dilation of arteries, engorgement | nitrous oxide |
| secretions of ___ lubricate glans | bulbourethral |
| other arousal changes (3) | HR, BP, breathing rate |
| Ejeculation regulated by ___ | sympathetic stimulation |
| peristaltic contraction of 3 things during emission | ampulla of ductus, seminal vesicles, prostate |
| during emission, ___ and ___ are forced into ___ | seminal fluids, sperm, urethra |
| in aroused men, ___ is prevented by contraction of ___ sphincter | urinary flow, urethral |
| 5 effects of estrogen | main sex char., breasts, endometrial lining, fluid/elec. balance, sex drive |
| 2 effects of progesterone | prepares endometrium for implantation, mammary glands for milk |
| in females, GnRH regulates FSH and LH, amounts vary during month. FSH causes (1) and LH causes (2) | growth of ovarian follices maturation of follicle/ovulation, corpus luteum development |
| 2 features of menstrual cycle | changes in endometrium, prepares uterus to rec. fertilized ovum |
| Dominant hormone of mensrual phase | FSH |
| Dominant hormone of proliferative phase | Estrogen |
| Dominant hormone of ovulation phase | LH |
Created by:
mjbaig02
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