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Biology Ch. 20
Chapter 20 - Viruses and Prokaryotes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Virus | a nonliving particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids |
| How do viruses reproduce? | by infecting living cells |
| Capsid | the protein coat surrounding a virus |
| How does virus enter a host cell? | through proteins on the surface of the membrane or capsid that bind to receptor proteins on the cell |
| Protein capsule (capsid) surrounding nucleic acids (RNA)can contain? | Lipids (fat) |
| Why doesn't your immune system attack things it shouldn't? | it recognizes your protein markers |
| What happens after a virus infects a cell? | viruses use their genetic information to make multiple copies of themselves - some replicate immediately(common cold), others remain in an inactive state within the host (shingles, cold sores) |
| What are the two patterns of infection? | Lytic and lysogenic |
| Which infection cycle make copies and bursts into new viruses? | Lytic |
| Which infection cycle inserts into a host and stays dormant until it is triggered? | Lysogenic |
| What is the size of a cell? | 50-100 microns |
| What is the size of a bacteria? | 5-10 microns |
| What is the size of a virus? | 20-100 nanometers |
| Can viruses change over time? | No |
| How do viruses reproduce? | ONLY with a host cell (they DO NOT divide or reproduce sexually or asexually) |
| What is a prokaryote? | unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus |
| What are the 2 classifications of prokaryotes? | bacteria and archaea |
| Which prokaryotes has a cell wall that contains peptidoglycan (a polymer of sugars and amino acids)? | bacteria |
| What is the size of a prokaryote? | 1-5 micrometers |
| How many differents sizes of prokaryotes are there? | 3 |
| Which prokaryote is rod shaped? | bacilli |
| Which prokaryote is circular or sphere-like? | cocci |
| Which prokaryote is spiral shaped? | spirilla |
| How do some prokaryotes move? | flagella or along a slimelike material they secrete |
| Prokaryotes get their nutrition from chemical energy in the form of? | sugars released during cellular respiration, fermentation or both |
| When a prokaryote grows double in size, replicates its DNA and divides in half? | binary fission |
| a thick internal wall, of the prokaryote, that encloses the DNA and portion of the cytoplasm? | endospore |
| What is the main way that prokaryotes evolve over time? | mutation (random changes in DNA) |
| A hollow bridge forming between 2 bacterial cells which allows from genetic material movement? | conjugation |
| Prokaryotes play three roles in the environment which are essential for maintaining ecological balance? | decomposer, producer, nitrogen fixer |
| organisms that break down and obtain energy from dead organic matter? | decomposer |
| Because prokaryotes can convert nitrogen into useful forms which is used by all organisms to make proteins, they are considered? | nitrogen fixers |
| Disease causing agents? | pathogens |
| How does bacteria produce disease? | by destroying living cells or by releasing chemicals that upset homeostasis |
| Strepto is classified as bacteria? | forming a long chain |
| Staphylo is classified as bacteria? | which is stacked |
| (T/F) Most bacteria is harmless and actually helpful? | true |
| What are some methods for controlling bacteria? | washing hands,cleaning products, proper food storage, proper cooking temp |
| How can you prevent the spread of bacterial diseases? | vaccines |
| Weakened or inactive toxins used to prompt the body to produce immunity to a specific disease? | vaccines |
| Drugs used to attack a bacterial infection? | antibiotics |
| How does a virus cause disease? | by directly destroying living cells or by affecting cellular processes in ways that upset homeostasis |
| (T/F) Viruses can be treated with antibiotics? | False |
| A disease that appears in a population for the first time or a well known disease that suddenly becomes harder to control? | emerging diseases |
| What causes emerging disease? | change in lifestyle, trade, high-speed travel |
| What are emerging diseases harmful to humans? | humans have little or no resistance to them |
| Disease that is resistant to whole groups of antibiotics and that transfer drug-resistant genes from one bacterium to another? | superbugs |
| Protein infectious particles that can cause damage to nerve cells in animals or humans? | prions |
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