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Mod 2B A&P Ch. 16

The Respiratory System

QuestionAnswer
Sinuses Help produce speech and make possible the sense of smell.
Olfaction sense of smell
Respiratory Organs Nose, pharynx, larynx and trachea bronchi and lungs.
Diffusion spreading
Respiratory Membrane Separates the air in the alveoli from the blood in surrounding capillaries.
Respiratory Mucosa Membrane that lines most of the air distribution tubes in the system.
External Nares Nostrils
Nasal Cavities Moist, warm cavities lined by mucosa located just beyond the nostrils.
Nasal Septum A partition that separates the nasal cavities.
Nasal Polyps Painless, noncancerous tissue growths
Paranasal Sinuses Four sinuses that drain into the nasal cavity.
What are the four paranasal sinuses? Frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal and ethmoidal
Sinusitis Infection of the sinuses.
Conchae Shelf-like structures that protrude into the nasal cavity on each side.
Pharynx The throat.
Nasopharynx The uppermost portion of the tube just behind the nasal cavities.
Oropharynx The portion of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth
Laryngopharynx Last or lowest segment of the pharynx.
Auditory Tubes Open into the nasopharynx and connect the middle ears with the nasopharynx to permit equalization of air pressure between the middle ear and the external ear.
Tonsillitis Infection of the tonsils
Tonsillectomy Surgical removal of the tonsils.
Larynx Voice Box
Vocal Cords Two short fibrous bands that stretch across the interior of the larynx.
Glottis The space between the vocal cords.
Epiglottis Cartilage that partially covers the opening of the larynx to prevent food from entering the trachea.
Rhinitis Nasal inflammation; cold, influenza, infection or allergy
Pharyngitis Sore throat
Laryngitis Inflammation of the larynx resulting from infection or irritation.
Epiglottitis Life threatening condition caused by Haemophilus Influenzae type B infection.
Croup Form of laryngitis, mainly in infants and children.
Deviated Septum A condition in which the nasal septum strays from the midline of the nasal cavity.
Epistaxis Nosebleed
Trachea Windpipe, connects the larynx to bronchi, cannot trap impurities, and made up of C-shaped cartilage rings.
Primary Bronchi First branches of the trachea
Secondary Bronchi Smaller bronchial branches that result from division of the primary bronchi
Bronchi/Bronchioles Air distribution; passageway for air to move to and from alveoli.
Alveolar ducts Airway that branches from the smallest bronchioles.
Alveolar Sacs Sacs in the lungs that arise from the alveolar ducts and resemble a cluster of grapes.
Alveoli Exchange of gases between air and blood.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome Difficulty in breathing caused by absence or failure of the surfactant in fluid lining the alveoli of the lung.
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome Lack of surfactant production in alveoli.
Surfactant Substance to lubricate and decrease tension.
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome impairment of surfactant by inhalation of foreign substances.
Lungs
Pleura Covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage.
Pleurisy Inflammation of the parietal pleura, cht. by difficulty in breathing and stabbing pain.
Atelectasis Incomplete expansion or collapse of the lung for any reason.
Pneumothorax Presence of air in the pleural space on one side of the chest.
Hemothorax Presence of blood in the pleural space.
Pulmonary Ventilation Breathing; the process that moves air into and out of the lungs.
External Respiration The exchange of gases between air in the lungs and in the blood
Internal Respiration The exchange of gases between the blood and cells of the body through alveoli
Inspiration Inhalation
Expiration Exhalation
Inspiratory Muscles Muscles that increase the volume of the thorax.
Expiratory Muscles Muscles that allow more forceful expiration to increase the rate and depth of ventilation.
Oxyhemoglobin hemoglobin combined with oxygen.
Tidal Volume Amount of air breathed during normal inspiration and expiration.
Volumes of air Tidal volume, vital capacity and expiratory reserve volume.
Respiratory Control Centers Centers located in the medulla and pons that stimulate the muscles of respiration.
Chemoreceptors Receptors that respond to chemicals and are responsible for taste and smell.
Eupnea Normal respiration.
Hyperventilation Very rapid, deep respirations.
Hypoventilation Slow and shallow low respirations.
Dyspnea Difficult or abnormal breathing
Orthopnea Dyspnea that is relieved after moving into an upright or sitting position.
Apnea Temporary cessation of breathing.
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration critically ill breathing
Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi of the lungs.
Pneumonia Acute inflammation in which lung airways become blocked with thick exudates.
Tuberculosis Chronic bacterial infection of the lungs or other tissues caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD; Irreversible obstruction of expiratory air flow
Emphysema Reduced surface area of lungs caused by rupture or other damage to alveoli.
Asthma Recurring spasms of the airways accompanied by edema and mucus production.
Pneumonectomy Surgical removal of an entire lung.
Respiratory system Air distributor and gas exchanger for the body.
Upper respiratory tract nose, pharynx, larynx
Lower respiratory tract trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
Function of the conchae/turbinates (nose) Warms and moistens inhaled air and contains sense organs of smell.
Mucus Serves as an air purification mechanism by trapping inspired irritants such as dust and pollen.
Mucus membrane Lines the nose
Functions of the pharynx passageway for food and liquids, air distribution, passageway for air.
Thyroid cartilage Adam's apple; largest cartilage of the larynx.
Infectious rhinitis common cold
Allergic rhinitis hay fever
Function of the trachea passageway for air to move to and from lungs.
Tracheostomy Surgical procedure inserting a tube into the trachea to allow an airway for breathing.
How many lobes on each lung 3-right, 2 left
Apex narrow upper part of each lung; rests on diaphragm
Base Broad lower part of each lung; rests on diaphragm.
Functions of the pleura reduces friction between the lungs and chest wall during breathing.
Function of Respiratory air and gas exchange
Respiration process Blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, oxygen enter the blood from lungs and carbon dioxide is expelled out of lungs; oxygen is carried to the cells and carbon dioxide is carried away from cells.
Inspiratory Reserve volume (IRV) Amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration.
Residual volume (RV) Air that remains in the lungs afte rthe most foreceful expiration; not a volume of air
Regulation of Respiration Permits the body to adjust to varying demands for oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal; increases rate and depth of respirations, heart beats faster and harder
Normal rate of respirations 12-18 breaths per minute
Cerebral Cortex Voluntary control of respiratory activity
Pulmonary stretch receptors Respond to the stretch in lungs, thus protecting respiratory organs from overinflation.
Respiratory Arrest failure to resume brathing after a period of apnea.
Lobar pneumonia Affects entire lobe of lung
Bronchopneumonia Infection scattered along bronchial tree.
Factors inside the lungs that may restrict breathing Fibrosis (scarring), inflammation
Factors outside the lungs that may restrict breathing Pain of injury or pleurisy
Lung Cancer Malignant tumor of trhe lungs.
Mandible jaw
Eustachian Tube In ear and underdeveloped when born.
Cellular Respiration Oxygen is needed for cell metabolism
Where is the upper respiratory tract located Outside and above of chest cavity.
Where do tears drain? Into nasal cavity
What is the most important role in breathing Brainstem
Created by: ROSSMIBOA
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