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Environ. Midterm
chapters 1-8.
| questions | answers |
|---|---|
| the environmental movement in the 1960's was a result of ___ by ____. | "Silent Springs" by Rachel Carson |
| _____ was banned in 1972; partially because of Rachel Carson's book. | DDT |
| farming & drought caused the _______. | Dust Bowl |
| the environmental framework that should guide out actions & benefit the natural world is called _______? | stewardship |
| the term that refers to whether or not a process can be continued is called _______. | sustainability |
| everything that surrounds us in the natural world as well as things produced by humans. | environment |
| the greenhouse gas which is of most concern to scientists who study climate change._____. | carbon dioxide |
| it is easier to clean up pollution from a _______ then a diffuse source. | point source. |
| an educated guess for a given observation is called a _______. | hypothesis |
| one way biodiversity can be lost...___. | habitat alteration |
| a series of organized systematic steps used by scientists is called the ________. | scientific method |
| the process by which experts in a specific field review the analysis and result of other researchers work before it is published is called _______. | peer review |
| info which does not conform to the rigors of the scientific process, which may contain bias and used to support a certain agenda...____. | junk science |
| in mid 1999 the world population reached appx. _______. | 6 billion |
| represents a grouping of plants, animals, and microbes, in a given area such as a forect, grassland, or pond. etc. | ecosystem>community>population>organism |
| all of the living entities in a specific area are referred to as the ______. | biota |
| nonliving factors | abiotic |
| a grouping of all plants, animals, and microbes living in a given unit of space and interacting with eachother and the nonliving factors of their environment make up a _______. | ecosystem |
| the study of the uniots and interaction among the organisms which live in them is called_______. | ecology |
| level on the pyramid that represents the produces. | 1st--grasses |
| _____ occupy the 2nd leve.l of the pyramid | herbavores |
| the amount of biomass decreases by apprx._____ at each level as one moves up the pyramid. | 90-99%. |
| detrivores are also referred to as______. | decomposers |
| virtually; all possibly pathways are interconnected within a given environment to form a _______. | food web. |
| in a given environment, some species form relationships that benefit both in terms of feeding; protection & reproduction. | mutualism |
| when organisms are not capable of living alone | symbiosis |
| kind of place defirned by the plant community and physical environment where a species is adapted to live | habitat |
| refers to what, where, when it eats, where it makes a home; and how it responds to abiotic factors | niche |
| the _______ states that when two species compete directly for the same resources one of them will eventually perish. | competitive exclusion principle |
| factors which vary in place or time but are not used up or made unavailable to other species | condition factors |
| factors which are consumed by organisms living & nonliving | resources |
| organisms will grow; reproduce; and thrive best when they are able to exist at their ______. | optimal range |
| developed the law of limiting factors | von liebig |
| several limiting factors could combine to cause additional stress ranges or even death to an organism due to _______ effects. | synergystic |
| the outer limits beyond which an organism will not survive for long are called __________. | limits of tolerance |
| a description of the average temperature & precipitatoion of a region | climate |
| tree growth is limited in tundras because of the constantly frozen subsoil called ________ | permafrost |
| biomes, which are found at different elevations or altitudes on mountains, are usually cold, with short growing seasons called________. | alpine tundras |
| very wet, rains frequently, 28 degrees is avg temp, no real seasons, always warm, ________. | tropical rainforest |
| freezing winters, warm synners, many trees, small mammals________. | temperate forest. |
| very dry biome, little rainfall, hot days...cold nights. | desert |
| bitter cold, perma frost, comes in artic & alpine types | tundra |
| these aquatic biomes have vlowing freshwater, driven by gravity to flow into larger bodies of water. low concentration of dissolved solids & high levels of dissolved oxygen...attached algae & rooted plants. | streams & rivers |
| these aquatic biomes occurr where rivers meet oceans. | estuaries |
| this biome is comprised of saltwater. it extends from the coastline out to the continenal shelf. | coastal ocean |
| salt water covering 70% of the earth. | open ocean |
| the breakdown of organic matters involves a _________. | release of energy |
| when carbon dioxide reacts with water under ligh to form glucose represents________. | photosynthesis |
| consumers obtain energy that is released when they eat ogrnaic matter asnd break down the glucose molecules in the process of ________. | cell respiration. |
| oxygen free environments | anaerobic |
| the ultimate source of all energy for life on earth is _______. | solar |
| how many tons of matter are produced a year? | 10,175 million |
| most producers use ______ for energy & synthesizing tissue | photosynthesis |
| light energy from the sun has another advantage in that it won't run out...it is considered to be _________. | nondepletable |
| the ______ states that for sustainability ecosystems use sunlight as their source of energy | first basic principle of ecosystem sustainability |
| ______ states that for sustainability ecosystems dispose of wastes and replenish nutrients by recycling all elements | 2nd basic principle of ecosystem sustainability |
| form of pollution where phosphorous can wash from the soil into supples. | eutrophication |
| most human activities may not be sustainable over a long time period because they involve a flow of elements | one-directional |
| the best way to insure that human activities are sustainable over along time period, if not virutally forever is to ______ elements. | recycle |
| problems with burning fossil fuel are (3)____. | air pollution, acid rain, depletion. |
| it takes about _____ of grain as animal feed to produce a pound of meat. | 10 pounds. |
| plants must obtain nitrogen in the form of ______ in order to be used. | nitrate ions |
| in the process of denitrification denitrifying bacteria in the soil convert__________. | nitrate ions to nitrogen gas |
| ecologists use the term "population equilibrium" to describe the balance betweeen_____ & _____. | births & deaths |
| the ability of a population to increase offspring under ideal conditions is referred to as a species____________. | biotic potential |
| ways of insuring survival of a given species are referred to as _____________. | reproductive strategies |
| nonnative species | introduced species |
| invasion of a previously unoccupied area | primary succession |
| for protection of ecosystems in some cases it may be necessary to alter the environment in order to return it as well as possible to a semblance of its previous natual state....this is called ecological______. | restoration. |
| soil profiles form in a vertical gradient of layers that are usually quite distinct these layers are called ______. | horizons |
| consists of sand; silt; & clay particles | minerals |
| order in decreasing parrticle size of the mineral portion of soil | sand>silt>clay |
| soil texture in which neither sand, silt or play predominates is called _______. | loam |
| process by which water is absorbed by a plants roots, p asses through the plant, and exits the plant as water vapor through tiny pores in its leaves called_______________. | perspitation. |
| growing of plants without any soil whereby the roots are kept in wate,r which contains all necessary nutrients is called_____________. | hydroponics |
| is the residue or patriallt decomposed organic matter found in high concentrations in the topsoil. | humus |
| soil which has a good loose structure which exhibits good infiltaration is said to be ______. | aerated |
| loss of water from the soil to the atmosphere | evaporative water loss |
| level of pH in the soil | relative acidity |
| soils ability to allow water to soak in | infiltration |
| ability to prevent leaching and bind up nutrients | nutrient-holding capacity |
| ability to prevent water from prelocation down below the roots | water-holding capacity |
| soil which is hard and packed tightly | compacted |
| this technique exacerbates erosion | up & down slope farming |
| irrigation which may cause an unforseen problem as minerals build up oin the soil rendering it unsuitable for growing plants_____. | salinization |
| the quanitity of fresh water which is available for use by mandkind represents _____ of the water on earth. | .77% |
| besides evaporation water vapor enters the atmosphere from plants by_____. | condensation |
| during processes air becomes cooler through_______. | adiabatic cooling |
| water that contains at least 3% salt | salt water |
| water containing minerals such as calcium & magnesium; forms soap scum | hard water |
| water that contains salt concentration less then .1% is considered____. | fresh water |
| water that has a salt concentration between .1%& .3 % | brackish water |
| water that is relatively free of minerals | soft water |
| water which contains enough impurities to make it unsuitable for use | polluted water |
| many of the worlds dryest desers are found on the _____ of a mountain range. | leeward side |
| dry region, or desert downward wind of a mountain range is referred to as an ______ | rain shadow |
| as a result of the earths rotation, the coriolis effect causes winds to blow easterly & westerly directions. these are called ______. | trade winds. |
| all of the land area where water runs off into a particular stream or river is referred to as __________. | watershed. |
| today stormwater is collected in ____ where it can re-enter the ground rather than run off | retention reservoirs |
| as a result of overdrawing of groundwater tables near stuaries may be lowered enough to allowed ocean water to move back into t=an aquifer in a process called saltwater______. | intrusion |
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