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AP Cell Cycle
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| RAS | a G protein product of an oncogene |
| ced | cell death protein |
| necrosis | a form of cell injury that results in the premature death of cells in living tissue |
| kinetochore | the protein structure on chromatids where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart |
| haploid | Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes |
| diploid | Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. |
| Proto-Oncogene | A normal cellular gene that has the potential to become an oncogene; helps accelerate cell division by kick-starting genes into duplication. |
| Oncogene | A gene found in viral or cellular geneomes that is involved in triggering molecular events that can lead to cancer; they make it so cell division is always "on." |
| Tumor-Suppressor Genes | A gene whose protein product inhibts cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contibutes to cancer |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| cell plate | a result from vesicles from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules to the center of the cell during cytokinesis (plant cell) |
| binary fission | method of reproduction mostly used by prokaryotes that produces two daughter cells |
| platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) | binding of molecules triggers a signal trandsuction pathway that allows cells to divide (shown in injuries or cell cultures) |
| metastasis | spread of cancer cells to locations far away from their original site |
| spindle fibers | structure that separates the chromosomes into the daughter cells during cell division |
| motor proteins | a protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell |
| interphase | the period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During this phase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. It accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. |
| prophase | the first stage of meiosis, in which the chromatin condenses, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears, but the nucleus remains intact |
| Reproductive Handicap | the problem in sexual reproduction where both members of a couple are not capable of bearing children |
| Fertilization | The action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote |
| Anchorage Dependence | A need for contact and anchorage to a stable surface by some cells in order for them to grow, function, and divide, especially even when grown in cell cultures |
| Reductional Division | (genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome number (leading to gametes in animals and spores in plants) |
| Karyotype | The number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species |
| Chiasma | The point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact after crossing over during meiosis. |
| Crossing-over | The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring. |
| Tetrads | A four-part structure that forms during the prophase of meiosis and consists of two homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids. |
| Deletion | Part of a chromosome is removed |
| Duplication | A portion of a chromosome is replicated resulting in multiple copies of a gene |
| Inversion | A segment of a chromosome is broken off, and flipped then reinserted into the opposite direction. |
| Translocation | When a part chromosome is moved from one location to another location either within the same chromosome or a different chromosome. |
| Interkinesis | Cytokinesis that occurs between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 |
| Monoploidy | An individual that contains one half the normal number of chromosomes. |
| Polyploidy | An individual that possesses more than two complete sets of chromosomes. Polyploids are common among plants. |
| Triploidy | It is a rare lethal chromosome abnormality caused by the presence of an entire extra set of chromosomes. |
| Mitsosis | - cell division that ends in two identical daughter cells; the cell begins by separating its DNA and chromosome into two pairs and in phases it begins to divide the rest of itself |
| Meiosis | used for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, like the mitosis cycle but the chromosomes have a process where the chromosomes are recombined and some of the genes are translocated; there are also two division cylces which leads to four haploid |
| Genome | - all of the organism’s hereditary information; it is all the chromosomes which is all the DNA of an organism; both genes and non-coded information on either RNA or DNA |
| Chromosome | a single piece of DNA coiled around proteins before division begins and during the division process; the DNA coils around itself when the nuclear envelope and this chromosome help protect the DNA strands from damage |
| centromere | The point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division. |
| chromatin | Noun The material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. |
| chromatid | Noun Each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA. |
| sister chromatids | Sister chromatids are 2 identical copies of a chromatin connected by a centromere. |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes align on metaphase plate |
| Anaphase | Separase breaks cohesin ( which prevents the separation of chromosomes ) and myosin and actin micro tubules pull sister chromatids apart |
| Telophase | Two nuclear envelopes reform in daughter cells, can occur concurrently with cytokinesis, chromosomes unwind into chromatin |
| Cytokinesis | Myosin and actin filaments form a contractile ring which forms a cleavage furrow which pinches the membrane off |
| Density Dependent Inhibition | Phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing |
| Homologous | A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci;also called homologs/homologous pair |
| Somatic Cell | Any cell other than those involved in gamete formation; each somatic cell has 46 chromosomes |
| Gametic Cell | Haploid reproductive cell - egg or sperm; unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote |
| Clone | 1) a lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells 2) in popular usage, a single individual organism that is genetically identical to another individual 3) as a verb, to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cell |
| Mitotic Spindle | an assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis |
| Telomere | the tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule that protects the organism's genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication |
| Promoting Factor | internal controls - protein molecules that are present in varying concentrations during the cell cycle (some examples include Cdk, cyclin, and MPF) |
| Cancer | A cell that ignores all of the “checkpoints” that cells usually have to meet before reproducing |
| Checkpoint | a series of conditions that normal cells have to meet in order to reproduce. The checkpoints are at M G2 and G1 and determine whether a cell divides or not |
| life cycle | The course of developmental changes through which an organism passes from its inception as a fertilized zygote to the mature state in which another zygote may be produced. |
| x-inactivation | when two copies of X chromosomes in female Mammals is inactivated. Once it is inactivated it will remain inactive in the cell and its descendents |
| G0 Phase | Cells enter G0 from checkpoint in G1 phase. During this phase cell cycle machinery is dismantled and the cyclins & cyclin-dependent kinases are eliminated. Cells remain in this phase until a reason to divide exists. |
| G1 Phase | Part of interphase. The cell grows in size, mRNA and proteins are synthesized to prepare for mitosis. This phase ends when the S phase of interphase begins |
| G2 Phase | A period of swift cell growth and protein synthesis as cell prepares for mitosis. G2 ends as prophase begins |
| S Phase | DNA is replicated. Occurs between G1 and G2 phases |
| Independent Assortment | Alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed, and are then randomly united at fertilization. |
| Heredity | The transmission from one generation to another of genetic factors that determine individual characteristics. |
| Nondisjunction | Failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis stage 1 or stage 2, specifically in the anaphase. |
| Senescence | The growth phase in a plant or plant part (as a leaf) from full maturity to death. |
| prometaphase | phase of mitosis where microtubules attach to the centromeres of chromosomes. |
| Autosome | Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. |
| Knudson hypothesis | Hypothesis that states cancer is due to the accumulation of mutations in DNA |
| Recombinant DNA | A chromosome in an offspring whose genotype is not present in either parent due to chromosome crossing over in meiosis. |
| Zygote | A fertilized egg, a combination of two haploid cells. |
| Cyclin | A class of proteins that fluctuate in concentration at specific points during the cell cycle and that regulate the cycle by binding to a kinase. |
| Cyclin dependent kynase | A family of kinases that, once activated by cyclin, regulate the cell cycle by adding phosphate groups to a variety of protein substrates that control processes in the cycle. Abbreviated Cdk. |
| Cleavage Furrow | A constriction of the cell membrane at the equator of the cell that marks the beginning of cytokinesis in animal cells. The cell divides as this deepens. |
| MPF | heterodimeric protein that initiates prophase of mitosis and alters the activity of diverse proteins that function in mitosis by phosphorylation. |
| Alternation of Generations | the alternation in an organism's life cycle of dissimilar reproductive forms, especially the alternation of sexual with asexual reproduction |
| Sporophyte | the form of a plant in the alternation of generations that produces asexual spores |
| Gametophyte | the sexual form of a plant in the alternation of generations |
| Silent Mutation | a mutation that does not result in amino acid sequence change. |
| Angiogenesis | the proliferation of a network of blood vessels that supplies nutrients and removes waste from cancerous growths. |
| Benign | A cancerous growth that is not threatening to the body. |
| Malignant | A cancerous growth that is a potential threat to the body. |
| P 53 | A tumor suppressor protein that prevents cancerous growths. When this protein becomes mutated, cancer becomes very likely. |
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