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Bio 1 CH 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| evolutionary advantages of operon? | has an on-off "switch", so it doesn't waste energy, "Operator" |
| advantages of energetic operon? | uses a repressor to bind promoter and blocks attachment of RNA polymerase to promoter |
| Regulatory gene? | located same distance from operon it controls and has its own promoter |
| repressor gene? | to bind the promoter and blocks attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter |
| co-repressor gene? | small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch it off |
| promoter? | site where RNA polymerase can bind to DNA and begin transcription |
| operator? | DNA segment that is the "switch" |
| morphogenesis? | causes cells to form a specific shape |
| how does cell differentiation relate to morphogenesis? | various shapes and with different characteristics to form varying tissues and organs |
| describe totipotent | capable of constructing a complete organism |
| describe pluripotent | capable of becoming endo, meso, or ectoderm |
| describe multipotent | capable of becoming several cell types |
| describe oligopotent | capable of becoming one of a few cell types |
| describe unipotent | capable of producing one cell type |
| cytoplasmic determinants? | transcription factors |
| how do cytoplasmic determinants relate to morphogenesis? | help determine shape of cell, origin in the sperm |
| maternal effect genes? | or egg-polarity genes -protein synthesis, transcription factors/morphogens |
| where is the mRNA translated into protein? | egg |
| effect on a developing egg does the proteins have on development? | determines which end of egg will be the head or abdomen |
| describe experiment to support hypothesis of "maternal effect genes" | nusslein-volhard and wieshcause experiment with floes and looked for offspring with lethal body plan mutations, two heads/normal/two tails -also isolated maternal effects of the parents |
| bicoid gene? | transcribed mRNA from the normal bicoid maternal effect gene |
| homeotic genes? | control pattern formation of a late embryo |
| determine each level at which a gene can be regulated | regulation of chromatin structure histone modification DNA methylation regulation of transcription initiation, control elements |
| control elements? | segments of noncoding DNA that bind influential proteins |
| enhancer region? | segment of upstream DNA, binds activator proteins which then bind mediator proteins which also bind transcription factor proteins |
| activators? | take control and are available |
| bending proteins? | bend the strand |
| describe how mutations or chromosomal alterations lead to changes in gene regulation, which lead to cancer | cancer cells result from genetic changes that affect eh cell cycle that are caused by mutations |
| what are the building blocks of protein? | Amino Acids |
| what is the source of the building blocks of proteins? | Food |
| Operan? | Bacterial gene |
| enzyme+ substrate =? | product, or co-repressor |
| what are transcription factors? | -proteins that bind to a promoter -allow enzyme to attach to a gene |
| what does RNA polymerase produce? | mRNA |
| without transcription there is no ____? | expression |
| whenever a repressor is bound to an operator there will not be _____? | transcription |
| how do heterotrophic bacteria convert energy? | cellular respiration |
| what is the typical molecule used for cellular respiration? | glucose |
| Lac operon? | gene that make and enzyme break lactose |
| if you have glucose, you do not need _____? | lactose |
| inducible operon? | usually not expressed but can be turned on |
| transcription factors? | proteins that have an effect on transcription |
| the mutant larvae that was produced with 2 tails was called what? | bichoid gene(lethal mutant), had normal development or 2 tail development |
| do genes have different alleles? | yes |
| Ubiquitin? | signaling molecule that is attached to another molecule and when this happens it is a signal for a proteasome(digests proteins), if it finds it, it will destroy it. Affects the amount of functional protein within a cell |
Created by:
KAzetapi
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