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Biology 1 CH 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how many polypeptide chains in a protein? | 1 |
| what is a protein? | -serve many functions in an organism -composed of amino acids -enzymatic,structure,storage,hormonal,transport,immune response,receptor,contractile |
| Amino acid formula? | -RCH(NH2)COOH -400 average per protein |
| difference between amino acids? | -R groups -different combinations of elements |
| bond between 2 amino acids and dehydration reaction? | -peptide bond |
| Dehydration reaction? | 2 covalent bonds bond together and release their water molecule |
| levels present in protein? | 4 levels -primary -secondary -tertiary -quaternary |
| bond on primary? | peptide/covalent bond |
| bond in secondary? | hydrogen bond |
| bond in tertiary? | disulfide bond |
| bond in quaternary? | disulfide bond |
| what did Garrod hypothesis? | that inborn embryos in metabolism occur because of dysfunctional enzymes |
| how did beadle and tatum support garrods hypothesis? | -one gene-one enzyme. -proved it by creating mutants, 3 classes with different enzymes |
| what was beadle and tatums experiment? | -exposed to strong x-rays causing mutations -each had a different enzyme in the arginine metabolic pathway -each stood for production of one enzyme |
| transcription? | made of DNA, 2 polynucleotide chains, RNA polymerase opens up DNA by itself and starts replicating mRNA |
| where does transcription take place? | cytoplasm |
| why is transcription necessary? | regulate speed of protein synthesis |
| what does one gene - one protein mean? | some proteins are composed of multiple polypeptides that result from multiple genes |
| what enzyme transcribes mRNA? | RNA polymerase |
| difference between template and non-template strand of DNA? | template used to make mRNA non-template does not make mRNA |
| describe direction of template strand of DNA relative to a mRNA transcript? | opposite |
| Translation? | decodes mRNA with tRNA to produce specific AA chains that make proteins |
| compare trans in prokaryotes/eukaryotes | pro-DNA to mRNA euk- DNA to Pre-mRNA |
| Central dogma of molecular biology? | -Crick -core principle, theres a molecular chain of command -directional flow of genetic info in opposite direction(to control gene regulation) -DNA->RNA->protein |
| how can 4 nucleotides code for 20 AA? | triplet code(codon) A,U,C,G |
| transcribe mRNA transcript from a DNA template strand | mRNA trans- ready to make protein DNA temp- used to make mRNA |
| Codons? | 3 bases on a mRNA code for a specific AA |
| start and stop codons? | UAG stops codon produces pyrrolysine(different versions found in most organisms) |
| why is genetic code redundant and not ambiguous? | genetic code is nearly universal, unity of diversity of life depends on it -ambiguous means unclear |
| describe how nirenburg was able to show sequence of nucleotides in mRNA determined the seq. of AA in protein | -frame of DNA, frame shift, no overlap -seq. of AA determines how it folds and if we change the codon we will not get what we usually get |
| Promoter? | RNA polymerase binding and initiation of transcription |
| TATA box? | non-template strand and points at which genetic code can be read and decoded |
| transcription factors? | protein binds to a promoter region that attracts the RNA polymerase to initiate transcription |
| RNA polymerase? | makes mRNA |
| binding? | when RNA polymerase binds |
| initiation? | beginning process |
| elongation? | when RNA stretches down strand |
| termination? | when stops trans of RNA |
| how does termination differ in prokaryote/eukaryote? | pro- in temp stand and releases the mRNA from DNA euk- proteins cleave the mRNA downstream from polydenyltation sequence |
| mRNA processing? | euk cells modify RNA after transcription |
| UTR? | untranslated region |
| polydenylation signal? | relates to euk |
| poly A-tail? | export, protection,and ribosomal attachment |
| introns? | RNA not used to code for proteins |
| exons? | RNA used to code protein(start) |
| what is mRNA splicing? | gene is being split by spliceosome, occurs in RNA transcript and it cits out intron |
| advantages of RNA splicing? | alternative RNA splicing, one gene can code for several versions of polypeptide |
| what is a ribozyme? are the common? | introns that remove themselves from Pre-rRNA, in some cases it will compose ribosomes not a protein |
| where does translation occur? | mRNA, directed synthesis of a polypeptide |
| what types of RNA are involved in trans? | tRNA, rRNA |
| Ribosome? | facilitates coupling of codon and anti-codon |
| sites of a ribosome? | A,P, E sites |
| enzyme that attaches AA to tRNA? | polypeptide bond |
| part of tRNA complimentary to codons of mRNA? | initiator tRNA |
| missense point mutation? | may or may not have affect on proteinsile |
| silent point mutation? | does not affect protein |
| frame shift nonsense mutation? | no protein of non-functional protein, early stop |
| frame shift extensive nonsense mutation? | causing extensive missense |
| 3 base pair deletion? | missing one amino acid |
| how many nucleotides to make 400 AA? | 1,200; triplet code |
| how many base pairs in an average gene? | 2700 |
| DNA repair protein? | protein release factors, nuclease |
| protein folding protein? | chaperonin |
Created by:
KAzetapi
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