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Final Practical Exam
BIO151L
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Spermatogenesis | The production of sperm that takes place in the testes of males |
| Oogenesis | Forms eggs within the ovaries of females |
| Three steps of cell signaling | Reception, transduction, response |
| Reception | The binding of a signaling molecule causes a conformational change in a receptor that activates its function |
| Transduction | The activated receptor stimulates a series of proteins that forms a signal transduction pathway |
| Response | The signal transduction pathway affects the functions and/or amounts of cellular proteins, thereby producing a cellular response |
| Usefulness of understanding cell signaling | The basic pathway through which a cell receives and interprets the signal is a universal process seen across all taxa. Adds evidence the theory that all organisms evolved from a single common ancestor |
| CFU | Colony forming unit, each cell that forms a colony |
| How CFUs are used to determine the cellular density of a bacterial culture | Dilute concentrations three-fold and six-fold and spread new solutions onto nutrient agar plates to grow. Count the number of colonies that grew on the plate |
| Cross-feeding assay | Used to determine whether direct cell-cell contact is necessary for quorum sensing in V. harveyi or is the signal is a diffusible molecule |
| Aseptic technique | A set of procedures and guidelines performed both prior to and during experimental investigations that deal with bacteria and microbiology |
| Procedures to be followed with aseptic technique | Fully sterilized instruments, fully sterilized growth medium, gloves, hood, minimal air exposure |
| Purpose of aseptic technique | To ensure that all instruments and supplies used during the investigation begin completely sterile and remain sterile until the investigator chooses; better chance of your experiment succeeding |
| Alleles | Alternate forms of a gene coding for the same trait |
| Homozygous | Alleles are the same |
| Heterozygous | The two alleles for a trait are different from each other |
| Dominant allele | The expressed allele |
| Recessive allele | The allele which is masked by the dominant |
| Monohybrid cross | Two parents that are heterozygous for one trait being studied are mated |
| Dihybrid cross | Two individuals heterozygous for two traits being studied are mated |
| Ingredients necessary to amplify DNA using PCR | DNA template, Individual deoxynucleotides, DNA polymerase, magnesium ions, oligonucleotide primers, salt buffer |
| Types of cell division | Mitosis and meiosis |
| Division that occurs in sex cells | Meiosis |
| Division that occurs in somatic cells | Mitosis |
| Meiosis | PMAT: chromosomes line up and form tetrads, crossing over occurs and they line up at the equatorial plate. The chromosomes move to opposite ends and division begins to occur. In meiosis 2, the sister chromatids separate forming 4 haploid cells |
| Differences between meiosis and mitosis | Meiosis is two separate divisions and mitosis is one, meiosis occurs in gametes and mitosis occurs in all other cells |
| Brain cell haploid or diploid | Diploid |
| Sperm cell haploid or diploid | Haploid |
| Sporophyte cell haploid or diploid | Diploid |
| Zygote haploid or diploid | Diploid |
| V. harveyi: As the ____ is increased, the number of ___ increase | Concentration, CFUs |
| V. harveyi regulates _____ in response to cell density | Bioluminescence |
| Will the luciferase mutant glow? | No, lacks genes |
| Will the signal mutant glow? | Yes but lacks signal (we used this) |
| Will the wild type glow? | Yes |
| Where meiosis occurs in angiosperms | Stamen and pistil |
| Where are the eggs located in a flower? | Ovule |
| Where is sperm located in a flower? | Pistil |
| Crossing over fails to occur | Non-recombinants |
| Crossing over occurs | Recombinants |
| Containing two complete sets of chromosomes (one from each parent) | Diploid |
| A mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote | Gamete |
| An organ that produces gametes | Gonad |
| Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes | Haploid (monoploid) |
| Any cell of a living organism other than reproductive cells | Somatic cell |
| A pair of duplicated homologous chromosomes in close association with one another | Tetrad |
| A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes | Zygote |
| Each of the small cells that bud off from an oocyte at the two meiotic divisions and do not develop into ova | Polar body |
| The spore-producing phase in the life cycle of a plant that exhibits alternation of generations | Sporophyte |
| A fluid-filled structure in the mammalian ovary within which an ovum develops before ovulation | Graafian follicle |
| Ovum diploid or haploid | Haploid |
| Skin cell diploid or haploid | Diploid |
| Zygote diploid or haploid | Diploid |
| Sperm cell diploid or haploid | Haploid |
| Gametophyte cell diploid or haploid | Diploid |
| Similarities between mitosis and meiosis | Both have cytokinesis that occurs during telophase, both use spindle fibers, both create new cells by the separation of old cells |
| Chi-square | Observed-expected^2 over the expected |
Created by:
AliRutherford
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