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Test6-chp50,51,52,70
Chapter_50-51-52-70 - Immunity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| agglutination: | clumping effect occurring when an antibody acts as a cross-link between two antigens |
| antibody: | a protein substance developed by the body in response to and interacting with a specific antigen |
| antigen: | substance that induces the production of antibodies |
| antigenic determinant: | the specific area of an antigen that binds with an antibody combining site and determines the specificity of the antigen–antibody reaction |
| apoptosis: | programmed cell death that results from the digestion of deoxyribonucleic acid by endonucleases |
| B cells: | cells that are important for producing a humoral immune response |
| cellular immune response: | the immune system’s third line of defense, involving the attack of pathogens by T cells |
| complement: | series of enzymatic proteins in the serum that, when activated, destroy bacteria and other cells |
| cytokines: | generic term for nonantibody proteins that act as intercellular mediators, as in the generation of immune response |
| cytotoxic T cells: | lymphocytes that lyse cells infected with virus; also play a role in graft rejection |
| epitope: | any component of an antigen molecule that functions as an antigenetic determinant by permitting the attachment of certain antibodies |
| genetic engineering: | emerging technology designed to enable replacement of missing or defective genes |
| helper T cells: | lymphocytes that attack foreign invaders (antigens) directly |
| humoral immune response: | the immune system’s second line of defense; often termed the antibody response |
| immune response: | the coordinated response of the components of the immune system to a foreign agent or organism |
| immune system: | the collection of organs, cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate the immune response |
| immunity: | the body’s specific protective response to a foreign agent or organism; resistance to disease, specifically infectious diseases |
| immunopathology: | study of diseases resulting in dysfunctions within the immune system |
| immunoregulation: | complex system of checks and balances that regulates or controls immune responses |
| interferons: | proteins formed when cells are exposed to viral or foreign agents; capable of activating other components of the immune system |
| lymphokines: | substances released by sensitized lymphocytes when they come in contact with specific antigens |
| memory cells: | cells that are responsible for recognizing antigens from previous exposure and mounting an immune response |
| natural killer (NK) cells: | lymphocytes that defend against microorganisms and malignant cells |
| null lymphocytes: | lymphocytes that destroy antigens already coated with the antibody |
| opsonization: | the coating of antigen–antibody molecules with a sticky substance to facilitate phagocytosis |
| phagocytic cells: | cells that engulf, ingest, and destroy foreign bodies or toxins |
| phagocytic immune response: | the immune system’s first line of defense, involving white blood cells that have the ability to ingest foreign particles |
| stem cells: | precursors of all blood cells; reside primarily in bone marrow |
| suppressor T cells: | lymphocytes that decrease B-cell activity to a level at which the immune system is compatible with life |
| T cells: | cells that are important for producing a cellular immune response |
| agammaglobulinemia: | disorder marked by an almost complete lack of immunoglobulins or antibodies |
| angioneurotic edema: | condition marked by development of urticaria and an edematous area of skin, mucous membranes, or viscera |
| ataxia: | loss of muscle coordination |
| ataxia-telangiectasia: | autosomal recessive disorder affecting T- and B-cell immunity primarily seen in children and resulting in a degenerative brain disease |
| hypogammaglobulinemia: | lack of one or more of the five immunoglobulins; caused by B-cell deficiency |
| immunocompromised host: | person with a secondary immunodeficiency and associated immunosuppression |
| panhypoglobulinemia: | general lack of immunoglobulins in the blood |
| severe combined immunodeficiency disease: | disorder involving a complete absence of humoral and cellular immunity resulting from an X-linked or autosomal genetic abnormality |
| telangiectasia: | vascular lesions caused by dilated blood vessels |
| thymic hypoplasia: | T-cell deficiency that occurs when the thymus gland fails to develop normally during embryogenesis; also known as DiGeorge syndrome |
| Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: | immunodeficiency characterized by thrombocytopenia and the absence of T and B cells |
| alpha-interferon: | protein substance that the body produces in response to infection |
| B-cell lymphoma: | common malignancy in patients with HIV/AIDS |
| candidiasis: | yeast infection of skin or mucous membrane |
| CCR5: | along with the CD4_ receptor, this cell surface molecule isused by HIV to fuse with the host’s cell membranes |
| cytomegalovirus: | a species-specific herpes virus that may cause retinitis in people with AIDS |
| EIA (enzyme immunoassay): | a blood test that can determine the presence of antibodies to HIV in the blood or saliva; also referred to as |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): | . Positiveresults must be validated, usually with Western blot test. |
| HIV-1: | retrovirus isolated and recognized as the etiologic agent of AIDS |
| HIV-2: | retrovirus identified in 1986 in AIDS patients in West Africa |
| HIV encephalopathy: | degenerative neurologic condition characterized by a group of clinical presentations including loss of coordination, mood swings, loss of inhibitions, and widespread cognitive dysfunctions; formerly referred to as AIDS dementia complex (ADC) |
| human papillomavirus (HPV): | viruses that cause various warts, including plantar and genital warts; some strains of HPV can also cause cervical cancer |
| immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: | a syndrome that results from rapid restoration of pathogen-specific immune responses to opportunistic infections; most often occurs after starting antiretroviral therapy |
| Kaposi’s sarcoma: | malignancy that involves the epithelial layer of blood and lymphatic vessels |
| latent reservoir: | the integrated HIV provirus within the CD4_ T cell during the resting memory state; does not express viral proteins and is invisible to the immune system and antiviral medications. |
| macrophage: | large immune cell that devours invading pathogens and other intruders; can harbor large quantities of HIV without being killed, acting as a reservoir of the virus |
| monocyte: | large white blood cell that ingests microbes or other cells and foreign particles. When a monocyte enters tissues, it develops into a macrophage. |
| Mycobacterium avium complex: | opportunistic infection caused by mycobacterial organisms that commonly causes a respiratory illness but can also infect other body systems |
| opportunistic infection: | illness caused by various organisms, some of which usually do not cause disease in people with normal immune systems |
| p24 antigen: | blood test that measures viral core protein; accuracy of test is limited because the p24 antibody binds with the antigen and makes it undetectable |
| peripheral neuropathy: | disorder characterized by sensory loss, pain, muscle weakness, and wasting of muscles in the hands or legs and feet |
| Pneumocystis pneumonia or Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP): | common opportunistic lung infection caused by an organism, believed to be a fungus based on its structure |
| polymerase chain reaction: | a sensitive laboratory technique that can detect and quantify HIV in a person’s blood or lymph nodes |
| primary infection: | 4- to 7-week period of rapid viral replication immediately following infection; also known as acute HIV infection |
| progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: | opportunistic infection that infects brain tissue and causes damage to the brain and spinal cord |
| protease inhibitor: | medication that inhibits the function of protease, an enzyme needed for HIV replication |
| provirus: | viral genetic material in the form of DNA that has been integrated into the host genome. When it is dormant in human cells, HIV is in a proviral form. |
| retrovirus: | a virus that carries genetic material in RNA instead of DNA and contains reverse transcriptase |
| reverse transcriptase: | enzyme that transforms single-stranded RNA into a double-stranded DNA |
| viral load test: | measures the quantity of HIV RNA in the blood |
| viral set point: | amount of virus present in the blood after the initial burst of viremia and the immune response that follows |
| wasting syndrome: | involuntary weight loss of 10% of baseline body weight with chronic diarrhea or chronic weakness and documented fever |
| Western blot assay: | a blood test that identifies antibodies to HIV and is used to confirm the results of an EIA (ELISA) test |
| window period: | time from infection with HIV until seroconversion detected on HIV antibody test |
| bacteremia: | laboratory-proven presence of bacteria in the bloodstream |
| community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA): | a strain of MRSA infecting persons who have not been treated in a health care setting |
| carrier: | person who has an organism without apparent signs and symptoms; one who is able to transmit an infection to others |
| colonization: | microorganisms present in or on a host, without host interference or interaction and without eliciting symptoms in the host |
| emerging infectious diseases: | human infectious diseases with incidence increased within the past two decades or potential increase in the near future |
| fungemia: | a bloodstream infection caused by a fungal organism |
| health care–associated infection (HAI): | an infection not present or incubating at the time of admission to the health care setting; this term is replacing the term “nosocomial infection,” which refers only to those infections acquired in a hospital |
| host: | an organism that provides living conditions to support a microorganism |
| immune: | person with protection from a previous infection or immunization who resists reinfection when reexposed to the same agent |
| incubation period: | time between contact and onset of signs and symptoms |
| infection: | condition in which the host interacts physiologically and immunologically with a microorganism |
| infectious disease: | the consequences that result from invasion of the body by microorganisms that can produce harm to the body and potentially death |
| latency: | time interval after primary infection when a microorganism lives within the host without producing clinical evidence |
| methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): | Staphylococcus aureus bacterium that is not susceptible to extended-penicillin antibiotic formulas, such as methicillin, oxacillin, or nafcillin; MRSA may occur in a health care or in a community setting |
| normal flora: | persistent nonpathogenic organisms colonizing a host |
| reservoir: | any person, plant, animal, substance, or location that provides living conditions for microorganisms and that enables further dispersal of the organism |
| Standard Precautions: | strategy of assuming all patients may carry infectious agents and using appropriate barrier precautions for all health care worker–patient interactions |
| susceptible: | not possessing immunity to a particular pathogen |
| transient flora: | organisms that have been recently acquired and are likely to be shed in a relatively short period |
| Transmission-Based Precautions: | precautions used in addition to Standard Precautions when contagious or epidemiologically significant organisms are recognized; the three types of Transmission-Based Precautions are Airborne, Droplet, and Contact Precautions |
| vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE): | Enterococcus bacterium that is resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin |
| vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA): | Staphylococcus aureus bacterium that is not susceptible to vancomycin |
| virulence: | degree of pathogenicity of an organism |
Created by:
jhrobins99
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