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Mod 2B A&P Ch. 14
The Circulation of the Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Arteries | Carry blood away from the heart and toward capillaries. |
| Veins | Carry blood toward the heart and away from capillaries. |
| Capillaries | Microscopic blood vessels where substances are exchanged between the blood and the tissues. |
| Tunica Initima (Artery) | Inner layer of endothelial cells. |
| Tunica Media (Artery) | Smooth muscle, thick in arteries; some elastic tissue; important in blood pressure regulation. |
| Tunica Externa (Artery) | Outer layer of fibrous connective elastic tissue. |
| Precapillary Sphincters | Determine how much blood will flow into each bed of capillaries. |
| Tunica Intima (Capillaries) | Only one thick layer |
| Tunica Intima (Veins) | Inner layer; valves prevent retrograde movement of blood. |
| Tunica Media (Veins) | Smooth muscle; thin in veins. |
| Tunica Externa (Veins) | Heavy layer of fibrous connective tissue in many veins. |
| Arteries Function | Distribute nutrients, gases, carried in the blood by way of high pressure; assist in maintaining the arterial blood pressure; serve as blood reservoirs. |
| Capillaries Function | Serve as exchange vessels for nutrients, wastes, and fluids. |
| Veins Function | Collect blood for return to the heart; low pressure flow of blood. |
| Arteriosclerosis | Hardening of arteries, caused by calcification of fatty deposits on arterial walls. |
| Ischemia | Reduced blood supply to a tissue. |
| Associated Factors of Arteriosclerosis | High cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, age, genetics. |
| Vasodilators | Vessel-relaxing drugs. |
| Angioplasty | Mechanical widening of vessels. |
| Aneurysm | Abnormal widening of arterial wall. |
| Cerebrovascular Accident | CVA, stroke |
| Varicose Veins | Enlarged veins in which blood pools. |
| Hemorrhoids | Varicose veins in the rectum. |
| Thrombophlebitis | Vein inflammation accompanied by clot formation. |
| Blood Circulation | Refers to the flow of blood through all the vessels. |
| Systemic Circulation | Carries blood throughout the body. |
| Pulmonary Circulation | Carries blood to and from the lungs. |
| Hepatic Portal Circulation | Unique blood route through the liver, assists with homeostasis of blood glucose levels. |
| Fetal Circulation | The exchange of nutrients and oxygen between fetal and maternal blood to the placenta, where the exchange occurs and then return it to the fetal body. |
| Blood Pressure | Push or force of blood in the blood vessels. |
| Where is blood pressure the highest? | Arteries |
| Where is blood pressure the lowest? | Veins |
| Blood volume | The larger the volume, the more pressure is exerted on vessel walls. |
| Stronger heartbeat, Increased heart rate, More than normal viscosity. | Increases blood pressure |
| Weaker heartbeat, decreased heart rate, less than normal viscosity. | Decreases blood pressure |
| Peripheral Resistance | Any force that acts against the flow of blood in a blood vessel. |
| Central Venous Pressure | Influences pressure in large peripheral veins. |
| Venous return of blood to the heart depends on five mechanisms. | Strong beating heart, adequate arterial blood pressure, valves in the veins, pumping action of skeletal muscles as they contract, changing pressures in the chest cavity caused by breathing. |
| Pulse | Alternate expansion and recoil of the blood vessel wall. |
| How many major pulse points | Nine |
| Hypertension | High blood pressure |
| Risk factors of hypertension | Genetics, age, stress, obesity |
| Circulatory Shock | Failure of the circulatory system to deliver oxygen to the tissues adequately. |
| Cardiogenic Shock | Caused by heart Failure. |
| Hypovolemic Shock | Caused by a drop in blood volume that causes blood pressure (and blood flow) to drop. |
| Neurogenic Shock | Caused by nerve condition that relaxes (dilates) blood vessels and thus reduces blood flow. |
| Anaphylactic Shock | Caused by a severe allergic reaction, cht. by blood vessel dilation. |
| Septic Shock | Results from complications of septicemia (toxins in blood resulting from infection). |
| Arteriole | Small branch of any artery. |
| Venules | Small blood vessels that collect blood from the capillaries and join to form veins. |
| Endothelium | Lines the inner surface of the entire circulatory system. |
| Necrosis | Tissue death |
| Stent | Metal springs or mesh tubes that are inserted into an artery to hold it open. |
| Phlebitis | Inflammation of a vein. |
| Ductus Arteriosus | Connects the aorta and the pulmonary artery, allowing most blood to bypass the fetus's developing longs. |
| Foramen Ovale | Shunts blood from the right atrium directly in to the left atrium allowing most blood to bypass the baby's developing lungs. |
| Ductus Venosus | A continuation of the umbilical vein that shunts blood returning from the placenta past the fetus' developing liver directly into the inferior vena cava. |
| Blood Pressure Gradient | The difference between any two blood pressures in the body. |
| Central Venous Pressure | The venous blood pressure within the right atrium. |
| Gangrene | Tissue death that also involved decay. |
Created by:
ROSSMIBOA
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