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IntroEvol
Intro to Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Science? | A method of learning |
| a tentative answer to a question (an educated guess) | Hypothesis |
| List the steps of the scientific method: | observations, question, hypothesis, prediction, test: experiment or additional observation |
| open to negation through scientific inquiry | falsifiable |
| How science is conducted today | Mostly conducted at universities or in industry |
| A synthesis of numerous observations (and related hypotheses) that have stood up to repeated testing and which explains a broad range of natural phenomena | Scientific theory |
| The gradual modification of populations of living things over time, sometimes resulting in the development of new species. | Evolution |
| makes more offsprings than actually survive | Overproduction |
| when humans select for particular traits by choosing who breeds with whom | Artificial Selection |
| Darwin’s ideas of natural selection have obtained the highest level | a theory |
| Organisms compete for | resources such as food, territory, shelter, the chance to reproduce, etc. |
| theorized that species evolved from pre-existing species and that evolutionary changes in animals were caused by their need to adapt to changes in their environment | Jean Baptiste Lamarck |
| the more an animal uses a part of its body the stronger and more developed it becomes. | The Law of Use and Disuse |
| Lamarck thought that characteristics or traits developed through use or disuse could be passed on to offspring. | The Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics |
| Conducted an experiment in which he cut off the tails of mice for 22 generations! This disproved Lamarck’s theory by demonstrating that acquired characteristics are NOT passed on to offspring | August Weismann |
| Father of Evolution | Charles Darwin |
| Darwin was asked to join what ship, how long did it last and how many species did he find | British naval vessel the HMS Beagle, 5 years, hundreds of specimens |
| what book did Darwin read by Charles Lyell? | Principles of Geology |
| Charles Lyell’s book the Principles of Geology | outlined the geological events that had occurred to slowly change the non-living Earth over time |
| Observations That Supported This Theory | noticed species were gradually different as he traveled, fossils that were similar to living specimens but with slight differences, Each finch was slightly different from the finches on neighboring islands and the mainland of Equador. |
| reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone | Thomas Malthus’s book An Essay on the Principle of Population |
| When did Darwin produced his theory of evolution by means of natural selection? | 1838 |
| Survival of the fittest | Organisms with favorable traits will be better adapted to survive and reproduce |
| When did Darwin publish his findings in the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection? | 1859 |
| Define Overproduction: | most species produce far more offspring than are needed to maintain a constant population because only a small fraction of those produced survive long enough to reproduce |
| Define Competition: | with limited resources, species must compete among themselves and with other species for survival. Again, only a small number survive and reproduce |
| Define Variation: | Individual characteristics lead to variations within a species. Some variations affect an organism’s ability to get food, or escape predators and disease. |
| Define Adaptations: | any inherited trait that improves an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction in a given environment |
| Define Natural Selection: | the environment selects those plants and animals with the best traits to survive and carry on their traits to the next generation |
| Define Speciation | Speciation: Over many generations favorable adaptations tend to accumulate in the species while unfavorable traits gradually disappear. Eventually the number of changes becomes so great that the result is a new species. |
| Modern Synthesis Theory | Combines Darwin’s ideas with modern findings in genetics and population biology, It states that evolution happens to populations, NOT individuals, Evolution is defined as the change in allele frequencies of a population over time. |
| In what ways does sexual reproduction cause change? | Sexual reproduction, while bringing about diversity in a population, will not by itself change allele frequencies |
| Hardy-Weinberg Principle: | states that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless acted upon by one or more forces of change. |
| The Hardy Weinberg Principle describes a hypothetical state of __________ ____________. | genetic equilibrium |
| Genetic equilibrium: | a situation in which allele frequencies remain constant. |
| Five conditions are required to maintain genetic equilibrium: | 1. Population must be large 2. No movement in or out 3. No mutations 4. Random mating 5. No natural selection |
| mathematical equation for the Hardy-Weinberg law | p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 |
| p = | frequency of the dominant allele |
| p2 = | frequency of those homozygous dominant |
| q = | frequency of the recessive allele |
| q2 = | frequency of those homozygous recessive |
| 2pq = | frequency of those heterozygous |
| Define Gene Pool: | all of the alleles present in a population |
| Theory of Evolution | The order in which fossils appear in the fossil record is consistent |
| Alfred Wegener | noticed how the S. American and African coastlines appeared to fit together like a jigsaw puzzle |
| Later-1960’s-geophysicists discovered evidence of ________ __________ | plate tectonics |
| Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift | Also explains how geographic isolation has kept animals on islands such as Australia unique from those seen on other continents |
| Define Biogeography: | The distribution of species on continents |
| Define Homologous Structures: | Similar anatomical structure however modified for different functions |
| Define Analogous Structures: | Similar external form due to similar function |
| Define Vestigial Structures: | Structures which are no longer useful in modern organism but remain as remnants of structures that were once functional in our ancestors |
| Give some examples of Vestigial Structures: | appendix or wisdom teeth |
| who was the first to classify organisms through painstaking studies of anatomy (comparative anatomy) | Carolus Linnaeus |
| what is the current system of classification | Kingdom<Phylum<Class<Order<Family<Genus<Species |
| Embryology | Onotogeny recapitulates phylogeny |
| whales have four legs and teeth as embryos would be an example of? | Embryology |
| Biochemical Studies | Molecules of closely related organisms are more similar than the molecules of distantly related organisms DNA analysis confirms lines of descent suggested by the fossil record and comparative anatomy studies |
| Cytochrome c comparisons reveal ________ ________________ | genetic relationships |
| Humans differ from the rhesus monkey by only ___ nucleotides while humans and horses differ by ______ nucleotides and from tuna by _____ nucleotides | .2, 15.4, 29.1 |
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