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Botany_20
Botany
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Synapomorphies of angiosperms (1-4) | flowers, closed carpels (enclose ovules) - fused megasporophyll, three-nucleate microgametophyte (mature pollen grain), 8 nucleate megagametophyte (embryo sac) |
| Synapomorphies of angiosperms (5-8) | double fertilization leading to endosperm formation, stamens with 2 pairs of pollen sacs, phloem with sieve tube and companion cells, xylem with vessel elements (vessels) and tracheids |
| pollination | transfer of pollen from anther to stigma |
| self-pollination | transfer of pollen within the same plant (or sometimes the same flower) |
| cross-pollination | transfer of pollen from one plant to another |
| insect pollination (bee) | flowers bright and showy (yellow, blue, white or pink), nectar guides and landing pad, both pollen and nectar (males and females eat nectar and females collect pollen to feed larvae) |
| coevolution | reciprocal adaptation as two interacting species adjust and adapt to each other over time |
| plant-adaptations | make plant more attractive to pollinator, greater chance at successful pollination (nectar or pollen reward, flower structure) |
| pollinator-adaptations | allow more efficient exploitation of nutritionaly reward (pollen, nectar) |
| Insect pollination (butterfly and diurnal moth) | landing pad, tubular corolla sometimes with a spur, brightly colored (pink, blue, yellow), open during day, sweet scent, lots of nectar (insects do not eat pollen) |
| insect pollination (fly - carrion) | dark red to brown color, mottled; thick, fleshy corolla, odor of decarying flesh, sometimes a trap mechanism |
| hummingbird pollination | red or yellow, usually with contrasting tip (white, gree, red/orange), pendant, thick and fleshy flower, no scent (birds have poor sense of smell), a lot of nectar (sugar solution), birds do not eat pollen |
| bat pollination | flowers large and white, open at night, strong sweet scent (like ripe fruit or musty scent) (similar to bats), lots of nectar (bats do not usually eat pollen) |
| wind pollination | flowers inconspicuous, small, usually green or white; flowers incomplete (lack petals &/or sepals); usu. sep. ♀ and ♂ flowers; often have large stigmas (feathery), pendant stamens; produce large numbers of flowers & copious amts of pollen; no nectar |
| simple fruits | develop from a single carpel or compound carpel (several carpels fused together) from a single flower |
| aggregate fruits | develop from several separate carpels in a single flower (i.e. magnolia, raspberry, strawberry) |
| multiple fruits | develop from the carpels (gynoecia - ovaries) of more than one flower, develop from an inflorescence (i.e. pineapple and mulberry) |
| dehiscent | fruit splits open at maturity to disperse seeds |
| indehiscent | fruits do not split open to disperse seed |
| raspberry | produces many one-seeded drupelets (styles on drupelets) |
| strawberry | produces many one-seeded achenes |
| berry | thin exocarp, soft fleshy mesocarp, and fleshy endocarp with one to many seeds (i.e. tomatoes, grapes, blueberries) |
| drupe | thin exocarp, soft fleshy (or fibrous)mesocarp, and a hard, stony endocarp that encases one seed (pit) (i.e. peach, cherry, plum, olive, coconut) |
| hesperidium | berry with a tough leathery rind (exocarp and mesocarp), locules with juice-filled hairs, one to many seeds (i.e. orange, lemon, lime) |
| pome | most of the fleshy part of the fruit develops from the enlarged base of corolla/calyx (both) (i.e. apples, pears) |
| pepo | specialized berry with tough outer rind (receptacle + exocarp), fleshy mesocarp and endocarp, many seeds (i.e. only found in the squash family (pumpkin, squash, melons, cucumbers) |
| capsule | opens (dehisces) along pores or slit, more than one carpel fused together; many seeds (i.e. poppy, azalea and lily) |
| legume | opens (dehisces) along two seams, 1 carpel (1-many seeds) (i.e. pea, redbud, bean) |
| follicle | opens (dehisces) along one seam, 1 carpel (1-many seeds) (i.e. milkweed) |
| achene | one-seeded fruits, pericarp free from seed, 1 carpel (i.e. sunflower "seeds", dandelion) |
| caryopsis (grain) | one-seeded fruits in which pericarp is fused to seed (1 carpel) (i.e. grasses, corn, wheat, rice) |
| samara | one-seeded fruits with flattened "wing", 1 carpel (i.e. elm, ash, birch) |
| schizocarp | dry fruit derived from 2-many connate carpels that splits into 1-seeded segments (mericarps) - one-seeded fruits with flattened "wing", 1 carpel (i.e. maple (samara-like), dill, carrot) |
| nuts | one-seeded fruits with a hard stony pericarp, not fused to seed (i.e. oak, walnut, hickory) |
| Trends in the Evolution of the Flower (1-2) | Early flowers with indefinite number of few to many parts, evolved toward definite number of few parts; early flowers with 4 whorls (complete) (number of floral whorls reduced in derived flower [incomplete, some with only with a single whorl)] |
| Trends in the evolution of the flower (3-5) | floral axis (receptacle) shortened, spiral arrangement not evident; ovary evolved from superior to inferior; early flowers, perianth of tepals (derived flowers perianth differentiated into distinct sepals and petals) |
| Trends in the evolution of the flower (6-7) | early flowers - regular, derived flowers - irregular; early stamens - laminar (no distinct filament), separate/ derived flowers - stamens with anther and filament, specialized forms fused to petals/each other |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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