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Microbiology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Decrease in the activity of the first enzyme of a biochemical pathway caused by buildup of the final product of the pathway; allosteric | feedback inhibition |
| An allosteric enzyme consists of? | Active site(substrate binds) and allosteric site(inhibitor binds reversibly) |
| Define isoenzymes | Different proteins catalyze the same reaction, but are subject to different regulatory controls |
| Small molecules that control transcription | effectors |
| What is covalent modification? | Regulatory mechanism for changing the activity of an enzyme |
| Induces enzymes synthesis by binding to repressor protein, causing it to fall off operator DNA | Inducers |
| Works with repressor protein to inhibit enzyme synthesis by enabling repressor to bind operator DNA | Corepressors |
| Functions by inhibiting mRNA synthesis; negative control of transcription | Repressor Protein |
| Regulatory mechanism that stops transcription | negative control of transcription |
| lac z encodes for? | B-galactosidase |
| Lac Y encodes for? | lactose permease |
| required for transport and metabolism of lactose in E.coli and some other enteric(intestinal) bacteria | lac operon |
| Lac A encodes for? | thiogalactoside transacetylase (galactoside O-acetyl transferase) |
| Regulator protein activates binding of RNA polymerase, regulated by activator proteins | positive control of transcription |
| protein needed only for initiation of RNA synthesis | sigma factor |
| syntheses of a variety off unrelated primarily catabolic enzymes repressed when cells grown in medium that contains glucose | catabolite repression (glucose effect) |
| global control mechanism triggered by amino acid starvation | stringent response |
| set of operons that are all controlled by the same regulatory protein (repressor/activator) | regulon |
| allows cells to survey environment for cells of their own kind; mechanism to ensure that sufficient cell #s of a given species are present before eliciting particular response | quorum sensing |
| membrane-integrated sensor; autophosphorylates in response to external stimulus | histidine(His) kinase protein |
| virus particle, virus nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat and in some cases material; extracellular form of virus containing RNA/DNA genome | virion |
| function to help the cell overcome temp. stress | heat shock proteins |
| one of the most accurate ways to measure virus infectivity | plaque assay |
| unit of viral structure, consisting of capsid with enclosed nucleic acid (naked virus + enveloped virus) | nucleocapsid |
| protein coat of a virus | capsid |
| individual protein subunit of the virus capsid | capsid |
| zone of lysis/cell inhibition caused by virus infection on a lawn of cells; analogous to bacterial colony (PFU) | plaques |
| infectivity of virus particles disappears, due to uncoating of virus, follows absorption | eclipse |
| replication of viral nucleic acid proteins | latent period |
| follows eclipse period, assembly of viral nucleic acids and proteins into mature viral particles | maturation period |
| single stranded RNA with same orientation of mRNA | positive strand RNA virus |
| single stranded RNA complementary to mRNA | negative strand RNA virus |
| most virus genes not expressed and virus genome (prophage/provirus) is replicated in synchrony with host chromosome | lysogenic pathway |
| produces new virions, eventually lysing host cell | lytic pathway |
| cells that harbor viral genomes w/o harm if expression of viral genes can be controlled; can spontaneously produce and release virions | lysogens |
| causes repression of lytic events; repressor | cI protein |
| controls activation of lytic events; activator | Cro protein |
| small, circular, single stranded RNA molecules that don't encode proteins and are completely dependent on host encoded enzymes | viroids |
| consist of protein, but have no nucleic acid; disease called spongiform encephalopathies (mad cow) | prions |
| typically a DNA binding protein that regulates transcription, either in pos./neg. depending on system | cytoplasmic response regulator protein |
| synthesis of RNA molecule complementary to one of the two strands of double stranded DNA molecule | transcription |
| increase of mRNA that encodes enzyme | induction |
| low glucose means? | high cAMP |
| bind attractants/repellants | methylating accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCP) |
Created by:
MinaHayfron
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