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9th Grade Bio Ch 8
From DNA to Proteins
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This type of virus takes over a bacterium's genetic machinery and directs it to make more viruses | Bacteriophage |
| The small units that make up DNA | Nucleotides |
| Model in which two strands of DNA wind around each other like a twisted ladder | Double helix |
| In DNA, thymine (T) pairs with | Adenine (A) |
| In DNA, cytosine (C) pairs with | Guanine (G) |
| In DNA, adenine (A) pairs with | Thymine (T) |
| In DNA, guanine (G) pairs with | Cytosine(C) |
| T pairs with A and C pairs with G | base pairing rules |
| The process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle | Replication |
| A group of enzymes that bond nucleotides together during replication | DNA polymerases |
| Defined by Francis Crick, states that information flows in one direction, from DNA to RNA to proteins | central dogma |
| ribonucleic acid | RNA |
| Chain of nucleotides, each made of a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base; temporary copy of DNA that is used then destroyed | RNA |
| The process of copying a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of RNA | Transcription |
| enzymes that bond nucleotides together in a chain to make a new RNA molecule | RNA polymerases |
| very large enzymes composed of many proteins that play a variety of roles in the transcription process | RNA polymerases |
| an intermediate message that is translated to form a protein | Messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| Forms part of ribosomes, a cell's protein factories | Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
| Brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein | Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
| The process that converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide | Translation |
| Three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid | Codon |
| Three _____ signal the end of the amino acid chain | Stop codons |
| One _____ signals the start of translation and the amino acid methionine | Start codon |
| Set of three nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA codon | Anticodon |
| DNA segment that allows a gene to be transcribed | promoter |
| Helps RNA polymerase find where a gene starts | Promoter |
| DNA segment that turns a gene "on" or "off"; interacts with proteins that increase the rate of transcription or block transcription from occurring | Operator |
| Region of DNA that includes a promoter, an operator, and one or more structural genes that code for all the proteins needed to do a specific task | Operon |
| In eukaryotes; nucleotide segments that code for parts of the protein | Exons |
| Mostly in eukaryotes; nucleotide segments that intervene between exons | Introns |
| Change in an organism's DNA | Mutation |
| Mutation in which one nucleotide is substituted for another | point mutation |
| Mutation involving the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence | Frameshift mutation |
| Agents in the environment that can change DNA by speeding up the rate of replication errors and, in some cases, even breaking DNA strands | mutagens |
| Two people that figure out the DNA structure using models | Watson and Crick |
| Found out that pneumonia bacteria could be transformed by some substance | Griffith |
| These two people used radioactive isotopes and bacteriophage viruses to prove that DNA was the genetic material | Hershey and Chase |
| This person proved that the transforming principle in the bacteria was DNA | Avery |
| These two people used X-ray crystallography to help figure out the structure of DNA | Franklin and Wilkins |
| Sides of a nucleotide | Sugar and phosphate |
| Rungs of a nucleotide | Nitrogen bases |
| Type of bonds holding nucleotide bases together | Hydrogen bonds |
| Enzyme that splits DNA strand down the middle | Helicase |
| 2 strands (DNA or RNA) | DNA |
| 1 strand (DNA or RNA) | RNA |
| In RNA, Adenine (U) pairs with | Uracil (U) |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid | DNA |
| Ribonucleic acid | RNA |
| Gene expression is controlled in prokaryotes and eukaryotes mainly at ________ | The beginning of transcription |
| Gene expression controlled from many points | Eukaryotes |
| Genes are expressed mainly during transcription | Prokaryotes |
| Proteins contain ______ but very little ______ | sulfur; phosphorous |
| DNA contains _______ but no _______ | phosphorous; sulfur |
| Identified DNA in the nucleus of the cell in 1870 | Meishcher |
| Chromosomes are made of _____ and ________ | DNA; protein |
| Why did scientists think protein was the cell's hereditary material? | It's more complex than DNA |
| Why did scientists think DNA was the cell's hereditary material? | It's in the nucleus and had no other known uses |
| 1st step of transcription | DNA unzips |
| 2nd step of transcription | Code copied onto mRNA |
| 3rd step of transcription | mRNA detaches |
| How are transcription and replication similar? | They both copy DNA codes and occur in the nucleus |
| Transcription ends with the production of _____ | RNA |
| Replication ends with the production of ____________ | 2 identical strands of DNA |
| Why is gene expression regulated in prokaryotic cells? | It is simpler in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells |
| In prokaryotic cells, gene expression is typically regulated at the start of __________ | Transcription |
| Why do the cells in your body differ from each other? | Different sets of genes are expressed in different types of cells |
| What role do transcription factors play in a cell? | They help RNA polymerase know where a gene starts |
| What is a TATA box? | A seven-nucleotide promoter |
| What is "sonic hedgehog" an example of? | A gene that controls the expression of other genes |
| Which type of mutation affects more genes, a gene mutation or a chromosomal mutation? | Chromosomal |
| What is translocation? | A piece of one chromosome moves to a nonhomologous chromosome |
| What leads to gene duplication? | During crossing over, if the chromosomes do not align the segments may differ in size, and one chromosome may have two copies of a gene |
| For a mutation to be passed to offspring, in what type of cell must it occur? | Germ cell |
| Can DNA polymerase catch and correct every replication error? | No |
| How does UV light damage the DNA strand? | It can cause neighboring thymine nucleotides to break their hydrogen bonds to adenine and bond with each other instead |
| Purines are ____ ring structures | Double |
| Pyrimidines are ______ ring structures | Single |
| Where does DNA replication take place in a eukaryotic cell? | Nucleus |
| When is DNA replicated during the cell cycle? | Synthesis |
| Why does DNA replication need to occur? | To assure that every cell has a complete set of identical genetic information |
| A pattern (a single DNA strand can serve as one for a new strand) | Template |
| What roles do proteins play in DNA replication? | Separating DNA strands, holding strands apart while they serve as templates, and bonding new nucleotides together. |
| What must be broken for the DNA strand to separate? | Hydrogen bonds |
| Why is DNA replication called semiconservative? | One old strand is conserved, and one complementary new strand is made. |
| Human chromosomes have hundred of ______________, where the DNA is unzipped so replication can begin. | Origins of replication |
| DNA polymerase has a _________ function that enables it to detect errors and correct them. | Proofreading |
| What actually does the work of replicating the DNA molecule? | Enzymes and other proteins |
| What is meant by DNA replicates bidirectionally? | DNA unzips in opposite directions |
| Where does DNA begin to come apart when it begins to replicate? | In the middle |
| The free-floating nucleotides are added on to the divided DNA by what enzyme? | DNA polymerase |
| When the new nucleotides are added on, a purine always attaches to a __________ to ensure that the radius is the same for the DNA molecule. | Pyrimidine |
| Purines | A and G |
| Pyrimidines | T and c |
| What enzyme is responsible for checking the accuracy of the DNA molecule? | DNA polymerase |
| DNA replicates at _____ points along the entire length of the DNA molecule. | Many |
| What two scientists figure out the replication of DNA? | Meselsohn and Stahl |
| A disease caused by a point mutation | Sickle cell anemia |
| A disease caused by a deletion resulting in a frameshift mutation | Cystic fibrosis |
| Mutations can add_____ to a population particularly in single-celled organisms | Variations |
| Most non-adaptive mutations are removed by __________ | Natural selection |
| How mutations change phenotypes: May cause premature _____________ | Stop codon |
| How mutations change phenotype: May change ________ shape | Protein |
| How mutations change phenotypes: May change gene __________ | Regulation |
| Mutations may not affect phenotypes: May be silent, particularly if in ___ position of triplet code | third |
| Mutations may not change phenotypes: May occur in _________ region | noncoding |
| Mutations may not change phenotypes: May not affect protein ________ | Folding |
| Prokaryotic cells turn genes on and off by controlling ___________ | Transcription |
| Genes for a related process are grouped together with a _______ that allows the genes to be "turned on or off" | Promoter |
| A section of the DNA called an ________ actually turns the genes on and off. | Operator |
| Gene expression in ________ is more complicated due to specialized cells | Eukaryotes |
| There are no ________ in eukaryotes | Operons |
| Adds the RNA nucleotides | RNA polymerase |
| Translation occurs in | Ribosomes |
| Transcription occurs in | Nucleus |
| Replication occurs in | Nucleus |
| Amino acids are bonded together by _______ bonds | Peptide |
| Base pairs proved by | Chargaff |
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