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Cardio pharm 331
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is hypertension? | chronic high BP (@ least 3 visits documented) |
| What are the ranges for hypertension diagnoses? | Normal: less then or equal to 120/less then or equal to 80 Prehypertension: 120/80-139/89 Stage 1 Hypertension: 140/90-150/99 Stage 2 Hypertension: 160</100< |
| What are the three main causes of hypertension? | 1.vasoconstriction-too active sympathetic nervous system 2.too much Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system action 3.Too much fluid |
| Which two areas of really dense capillary beds are affected by both diabetes and hypertension? | Eyes and kidneys |
| What are the 6 types of drugs used to treat hypertension? | 1.Diuretics 2.Beta blockers 3.ACE inhibitors 4.Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers 5.Calcium channel blockers 6.Vasodilators |
| What is the ending for diuretics? What part of hypertension do they treat? | -thiazide Fluid retention |
| What is the ending for Beta blockers and what do they do? | -olol Work to reduce the effect of sympathetic nervous system: slow down heart rate and cause vasodilation |
| What are the AE for beta blockers? | CNS effects (drowsy, dizzy) GI upset Arrythmia Decreased exercise tolerence |
| What else are beta blockers used for besides hypertension? | Angina and arrhythmia |
| Who should you not give beta blockers to? | People with pulmonary problems, COPD, diabetes or thyroid problems |
| What is the ending for the ACE inhibitors and what do they do? | -pril Block conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2: vasodilate and reduce some fluid |
| What are the AE of ACEI? | slight increase in K+ COUGH and itching and rash (angiotensin 2 breaks down bradykinine, so histamine rxns!) |
| Who shouldn't use ACEI? | People with renal failure pg and lact |
| What are the endings for angiotensin 2 receptor blockers and what do they do? | -sartan Block angiotensin 2 receptors! Same as ACEI but without cough, bradykinine getting broken down Results in vasodilation |
| What are the AE for angiotensin 2 receptor blockers? | muscle weakness, hypotension No cough! |
| What are the Ca+ channel blockers and what do they do? | Diliazem block Ca+ channels, vasodilate and prevent smooth muscle contractions |
| What are the AE of Ca+ channel blockers? | bradycardia and edema |
| What should you not take with Ca+ channel blockers? | grapefruit juice!! and cyclosporine |
| What are the 4 vasodilators listed? | Diazoxie Hydralazine Minoxide Nitroprusside (also for angina) |
| What else are Ca+ channel blockers used for? | Angina-prinzemetal only |
| What is congestive heart failure? | Heart no longer able to pump effectively- pooling blood, backing up in veinous system |
| What are some s/s CHF? | splenomegaly hepatomegaly cardiomegaly decreased renal perfusion GI upset |
| What are the 4 types of drugs used for CHF? | 1.vasodilators-Nitro and ACEI 2.Diuretics-fluid removal 3.Beta Agonists 4.Cardiac Glycosides-Digoxin! |
| What do Beta Agonists do? | Stimulate the heart-increase contraction strength |
| What are the 4 methods of action of digoxin? | 1.increase contraction strength of heart 2.decrease renin-fluid loss 3.decrease HR 4.Decrease conduction time in heart |
| Who should not have digoxin? | Acute MI pg/lct ventricular tachycardia or fibrulation |
| What are the AE of digoxin? | Nausea and vomiting important! First sign of toxicity Yellow halos, visual disturbances |
| What should you monitor when giving digoxin? | HR and K+ levels, esp when giving with diuretics |
| What are the dr-dr interactions to watch for with digoxin? | Not to be given with diuretics cholestyramine bleomycin,methotrexate quinidine cyclosporine all the meds that inhibit metabolism could lead to digitoxicity other drugs block absorbtion of digoxin fiber and chy |
| What is the definition of angina? | Chest pain caused by lack of O2 to tissues |
| What are the three types of angina? | 1.stable 2.unstable 3.prinzmetal |
| What are the three types of drugs used to treat angina? | 1.Nitrates (vasodilators) 2.Beta blockers 3.Ca+ channel blockers (prinzmetal only!) |
| What are the cautions and contraindications for nitrates? | caution: absorbs very rapidly! Contra: bleeding problems, head trauma, anemia |
| What are the cautions with Beta Blockers? | Avoid using with diabetics and people with thyroid problems |
| What drug should you not mix with vasodilators? | Any ergot derivatives |
| What is the most common AE of vasodilators? | Pounding headache-rebound hypertension |
| What is the definition of arrythmia? | Abnormal sinus rhythm |
| What are the 6 types of arrhythmia? | 1.tachycardia 2.bradycardia 3.atrial flutter 4.Partial ventricular and partial atrial contractions 5.Atrial or ventricular fibrulation 6.Heart blocks or bundle branch blocks |
| What is the common AE of all the drugs used to treat arrhytmias? | Can also cause arrhythmias |
| What are the four drugs/types used to treat arrythmias and what do they do? | Class 1: lidocaine-block Na+ Class 2: Beta Blockers-depress phase 4 Class 3:Amiordorones-K+ blockers, works on phase 3 Class 4:Diltiezem, Ca+ blockers |
| What are the AE for amiodarone? | Pulmonary and hepatic toxicity Corneal and visual changes arrythmias and cardiac arrest |
| What are the cautions for amiodarone? | Do not mix with digoxin or quinidin, careful with prolonged QT interval, renal or hepatic disease |
| What are the AE of diltiezem? | Bradycardia and peripheral edema |
| What is the definition of hyperlipideama? | too much LDL and triglycerides |
| What are the 4 types of drugs used to treat hyperlipideama? | 1.Bile Acid Sequesterants-cholestyramine, metamucil 2.HMG-COA reductase inhibitors (-statins_ 3. Cholestertol Absorption inhibitors: Ezetimibe 4.Others (-fib-) |
| What do bile acid sequestrants do? | Force you to not recycle bile acids, use blood cholesterol to make new bile acids. |
| What are the AE of Bile Acid Seq.? | malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins, increased bleeding time, GI upset |
| What should you check when giving Bile Acid Seq? | PT and PTT-clotting time |
| What do the -statins do? | Inhibit enzyme that makes cholesterol |
| What is the main AE of -statins? | rhabdomyolysis dark brown urine kidney damage |
| What should you be careful with when taking -statins? | grapefruit juice! (also the Ca+ blockers) Alcohol! Monitor liver enzymes |
| What are the AE of Ezetimibe? | myalgia and arthralgia |
| What should you avoid when taking cholesterol absorbtion inhibitors? | antacids cyclosporins warfarin cholestyramine fibrates |
| What is the main AE of niacin? (lipid lowering agent) | Flushing of face |
| Wha are the 5 anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs? | 1.Asprin 2.Warfarin/coumadin 3.Heparin 4.Low Molecular Wt. Heparin 5.Angiomax, acova, antithrombin |
| What does asprin do? | lowers # of overall platelets |
| What are the s/s asprin tox? | tinnitus, blood in stool |
| What does warfarin do? | prevents new clots from forming, blocks vitamin K |
| What is the antidote to warfarin? | Vitamin K |
| What does heparin do? | prevents prothrobin from becoming thrombin, interferes with the cascade |
| What are the AE of heparin? | hair loss, chills, bruising and bleeding, renal fx impaired, osteoporosis |
| What is the difference between heparin and l.m.w. heparin? | LMW heparin only works on factor Xa-much fewer AE, no bleeding precautiouns |
| What should you be careful of when on coumadin? | Vitamin K in diet-no green leafy veggies Shaving, brushing teeth, careful of bleeding! Don't take with other anticoagulants, asprin, penicillin |
| What are the three types of anemia? | megaloblastic iron deficiency anemia pernicious anemia |
| What are the drugs used to treat anemia? | synthetic erythropoeitins (all -poeit) stimulate RBC synthesis |
| What are the cautions with the -poetins | Allergy to any type of human or mammal cell derived stuff |
| Normal H and H? | female: 36-44/ 12-15 Male: 38-50/ 13-17 |
| Who should not take erythropoeitins? | CHF hypertension |
Created by:
SarahTzipporah
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