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Chapter 12
Bodies of Water
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Oceans make up___ of worlds water? | 97% |
| Glaciers make up____ of worlds total water. | 2.15% |
| Groundwater make_____ of worlds total water. | .62% |
| ___% of freshwater is used for agriculture. | 70% |
| ___% of freshwater is used for industry use. | 20% |
| ___% of freshwater is used for residential and manicipal use. | 10% |
| How much water does the average person in the USA use? | 78 gallons per day |
| how many states does the Colorado river provide water for? | 7 States & Mexico -Diversion has drastically altered the rivers ecology -1400 miles from Rocky Mtns to Gulf of Califronia |
| What are some pro's about dams? | -they generate electricity -Flood Control - Store water for later use -Recreation |
| What are some con's about dams? | -Alter sediment deposition -Alters habitats - Declining fisheries/bad for salmon - Population displacement |
| Whats the larges dam in the world? -may replace coal or nuclear plants- | China's Three Gorges Dam |
| some con's of the Three Gorges Dam | costs 25 Billion Displacement of populations Drowning Farmland and wildlife habitat |
| Water held in aquifers underground | GROUNDWATER |
| Porous formation of rock, sand, or gravel that conducts groundwater | Aquifer |
| Rock or sediments that retards the flow of water | Aquitard |
| pore spaces are partially filled with water | Zone of Aeration |
| spaces are completely filled with water | Zone of Saturation |
| boundary between the two zones (zone of aeration)& (zone of saturation) | Water Table |
| Worlds largest known Aquifer | the Ogallala Aquifer |
| Once the 4th largest lake Volume decreased by 80% Remaining water became saltier; fish died | The Aral Sea |
| What are some benefits of wetlands? | -Wildlife habitat -Reduce flooding -recharge aquifers -filters pollutants |
| point where saltwater intrudes into coastal areas | Zone of diffusion (interface) |
| when water table drops this can happen | land subsides |
| makes freshwater | Desalinization |
| teh removal of salt from seawater or other water of marginal quality | Desalination |
| Evaporates and then condenses the vapor | Distilling |
| forces water through membrane to filter out salts | Reverse Osmosis |
| Cons of Desalinization | -Expensive -Requires fossil fuels -Produces very sa |
| how to reduce water in Agricultural? | -Drip irrigation systems - match crops to land and climate - raise crops that require less water - Raise crops that require less water - Selective Breeding - Genetic modification - Eat less meat |
| how to reduce water at home? | -low-flow toilets, washing machines, etc. -water lawns at night -grey water Xeriscaping: using plants adapted to arid conditions |
| how to reduce water in Industry | - Wastewater recycling - Shift to processes that use less water |
| water bodies fill completely in through the process of? | succession |
| the Enrichment of a body of water by plant and algal nutrients | Eutrophication |
| Eutrophic lakes have? | -lots of nutrients -cloudy water |
| Oligotrophic lakes have? | -fewer nutrients -clear water |
| bed of low permeability along an aquifer | Aquitard |
| area of land drained by a river and its tributaries | Watershed |
| fertile areas that a river floods periodically | Floodplain |
| Areas along a river | Riparian |
| the release of matter or energy into the environment that causes undesirable impacts on the health of humans or other organisms | Pollution |
| high levels of P (fertilizers & household detergents) 1958: salmon gone 1970-1999: purification plants built -High levels of metals & salt 1986: insecticides & pesticides flushed into river when a fire was extinguished | Rhine River Basin |
| What was addressed by the Clear Water Act | Point Source (Factories, Sewage treatment plants, Animal feedlots) |
| are non-point source regulated? | no (farms, lawns, golf courses, construction sites, deforested and overgrazed land) also abandoned mines |
| What are some sources of nutrient pollution? | -fertilizers - Farms, golf courses, lawns -Sewage |
| what are Solutions for nutrient pollution | - Treat wastewater -Reduce Fertilizers application -Plant vegetation to increase nutrient uptake -Phosphate-free detergents |
| What are some toxic chemicals from natural and synthetic sources | -pesticides -petroleum products -arsenic, lead, mercury -acidic rain, acid drainage from mines |
| What are some sediment pollutants? | -mining -clear-cutting -housing development -poor cultivation practices |
| What are some thermal pollutants | -from industry; removing streamside vegetation -Warmer water holds less oxygen |
| What are some Biological indicators of water quality? | -Presence of fecal coliform bacteria, algae, and aquatic invertebrates |
| What are some chemical indicators of water quality? | -nutrient concentration, pH, taste, odor, hardness, dissolved oxygen |
| What are some physical indicators of water quality? | -temperature, color, turbidity |
| -Permit required to discharge pollution -Standards set for industrial wastewater -Funded construction of sewage treatment plants | Clear Water Act (1977) |
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