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Urinary
MC questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Urine leaving the kidneys travels along the following pathway to the exterior | ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| Which organ or structure does not belong to the urinary system | gallbladder |
| Seen in section, the kidney is divided into | an outer cortex and an inner medulla |
| The basic functional unit in the kidney is the | nephron |
| The three concentric layers of the connective tissue that protect and anchor the kidneys are the | fibrous capsule, perinephritic fat capsule, and renal fascia |
| Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the | peritubular capillaries |
| In a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the | proximal and distal convoluted tubules and nephron tube |
| The primary sites of regulating water, sodium, and potassium ion loss in the nephron are the | nephron loop and collecting duct |
| The primary site for secretion of substances into the filtrate is the | distal convoluted tubule |
| The initial factor that determines if urine production occurs is | filtration |
| The three processes involved in urine formation are | filtration, reabsorption, and secretion |
| The filtration of plasma that generates approximately 180 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the | renal corpuscle |
| Approximately 60-70 percent of the water is reabsorbed in the | proximal convoluted tubule |
| The portion of the renal tubule that is under aldosterone stimulation is the | distal convoluted tubule |
| The proximal convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule are separated by a U-shaped tube called the | nephron loop |
| The location and orientation of the carrier proteins determine whether a particular substance is reabsorbed or secreted in | active transport, cotransport, countertransport |
| DIlation of the afferent arteriole, contraction of mesengial cells, and constriction of the efferent arteriole causes | elevation of glomerular blood pressure |
| The glomerular filtration rate is regulated by | autoregulation, hormonal regulation, autonomic regulation |
| The pressure that tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into the plasma, opposing filtration, is the | blood colloid osmotic pressure |
| The three primary waste products found in a representative urine sample are | ions, metabolites, and nitrogenous wastes |
| The average pH for normal urine is about | 6.0 |
| The mechanisms responsible for the reabsorption of organic molecules from the tubular fluid are | cotransport and facilitated diffusion |
| Countertransport resembles cotransport in all recpects except | the two transported ions move in opposite directions |
| The primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron is the | proximal convoluted tubule |
| In countecurrent multiplication, the countercurrent refers to the fact that an exchange occurs between | fluids moving in opposite directions |
| The result of the countercurrent multiplication mechanism is | increased solute concentration in the descending limb of the nephron loop |
| When antidiuretic hormone levels rise, the distal convoluted tubule becomes | more permeable to water; water reabsorption increases |
| The result of the effect of aldosterone along the DCT, the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct is | increased conservation of sodium ions in water |
| The openings of the urethra and the two ureters mark an area on the internal surface of the urinary bladder called the | trigone |
| When urine leaves the kidney, it travels to the urinary bladder via the | ureters |
| The expanded, funnel-shaped upper end of the ureter in the kidney is the | renal pelvis |
| Contraction of the muscular bladder forces the urine out of the body through the | urethra |
| During the micturition reflex, increased afferent fiber activity in the pelvic nerves facilitates | parasympathetic motor neurons in the sacral spinal cord |
| Urine reaches the urinary bladder by the | peristaltic contractions of the ureters |
| In males, enlargement of the prostate gland compresses the urethra and restricts the flow of urine, causing | urinary retention |
| Along with the urinary system, the other systems of the body that affect the composition of body fluids are the | integumentary, respiratory, and digestive |
| The system that monitors distention of the urinary bladder and controls urination is the | nervous system |
| The vital functions performed by the nephrons in the kidney are | production of filtrate, reabsorption of organic substrates,, and reabsorption of water and ions |
| The renal corpuscle consists of the | glomerular capsule and the glomerulus |
| The filtration process within the renal corpuscle involves passage across three physical barriers | capillary endothelium, dense layer, visceral epithelium |
| The thin segments in the nephron loop are | freely permeable to water, but relatively impermeable to ions and other solutes |
| The thick segments in the nephron loop are | transport mechanisms that pump materials out of the filtrate |
| The collecting system in the kidney is responsible for | making final adjustments to the sodium concentration and volume of urine |
| Blood arrives at the renal corpuscle by way of an | afferent arteriole |
| Sympathetic innervation into the kidney is responsible for | decreasing the GFR and slowing the production of filtrate, stimulation of renin release, and altering the GFR by changing the regional pattern of blood circulation |
| When plasma glucose concentrations are higher than the renal threshold, glucose concentrations in the filtrate exceed the tubular maximum and | glucose appears in the urine |
| The outward pressure forcing water and solute molecules across the glomerulus wall is the ______________ pressure | glomerular hydrostatic |
| The opposing forces of the filtration pressure at the glomerulus are the | net hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure |
| The amount of filtrate produced in the kidneys each minute is the | glomerular filtration rate |
| Inadequate ADH secretion results in the inability to reclaim the water entering the filtrate, causing | dehydration |
| Under normal circumstances, virtually all the glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients are reabsorbed before the filtrate leaves the | proximal convoluted tubule |
| Aldosterone stimulates ion pumps along the distal convoluted tubule, the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct, causing a | reduction in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine |
| The high osmotic concentrations found in the kidney medulla are primarily due to | the presence of sodium ions, chloride ions, and urea |
| The substances that influence the GFR by regulating blood pressure and volume are | renin, ANP, and ADH |
| Angiotensin II is a potent hormone that | causes constriction of the efferent arteriole at the nephron, triggers the release of ADH in the CNS, and stimulates secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex and epinephrine |
| Sympathetic innervation of the afferent arterioles causes a | decrease in GFR and decrease of filtrate production |
| During periods of strenuous exercise, sympathetic activation causes the blood flow to | increase to the skin and skeletal muscles, but decrease to the kidneys |
Created by:
ariellebtan
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