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bio Ch 7 Nabor
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The discovery of the cell was possible due to the invention of the | microscope |
| Who was the first person to see cells? | Englishman Robert Hooke |
| Why did he call them cells? | Because they reminded him of a monastarys tiny rooms |
| Who was the first person to see tiny organisms living in water? | Anton Van Leeuwenhook |
| What are the three componets of the Cell Theory | 1. All cells are composed of cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things 3. New cells are produced from exsisting cells |
| High resolution video technology can be used to produce moves of cells as they? | grow, divide, and develop |
| Transmission electron microscopes can be used to explore cell_____________ and large _____________________ molecules. | structures and protein |
| Specimens under electron miscroscopes must first be preserved or stained? | preserved |
| What type of microscope is needed to observe single atoms? | Scanning Probe Microscopes |
| What 2 things do all cells have? | DNA and a Cell Membrane |
| nucleus | a large membrane enclosed structure that contains the cells genetic material in the form of DNA |
| Cells are catergorized depending on whether or not they have a ? | nucleus |
| Prokaryotes have genetic material that is not contained in a ? | nucleus |
| What type of organisms are prokaryotes? | bacteria |
| Prokaryotes grow, reproduce and | respond to the enviroment |
| What four organisms are classified as eukaryotes? | Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists |
| Eukaryotic Cells are smaller or larger than prokaryotes? | larger |
| Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cells into 2 major parts. What parts are they? | Nucleus and Cytoplasm |
| The nucleus is surrounded by a what composed of 2 membranes? | nucleur envelope |
| What are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm | Ribosomes |
| One function of _________________ is the digestion or breakdown or lipids, carbohydrates and proteins into _______________ that can be used by the rest of the cell. | lisosomes and small molecules |
| Most cells get energy in one of two ways from ____________ or from the ______. | food molecule or from the sun |
| Organells that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use | Mitochondria |
| Biological equivalents of solar power | chlorplasts |
| Unlike other organells that contain no DNA, what organells contain their own genetic information in the form of smal DNA molecules? | chloroplasts and mitochondria |
| Wat structure does eukaryotic cells have that helps support the cell? | Cytoskeleton |
| What plays a critical role in maintaining a cell's shape? | microtubules |
| ___________ are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division. ___________ are not found in plant cells. | Centrioles and Centrioles |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek contributed to the discovery of cells by inventing this? | light microscope |
| Robert Hopke | Scientist who looked at a thin slice of cork undr the microscope and saw tiny chambers. |
| The cell theory | -all organisms are compsed of one or more cells -the cell is the basic unit of structure and function of organisms. -All cells come from pre-existing cells. |
| Schledeiden | all plants are made of cells |
| Schwann | all animals are made of cells |
| Virchow | New cells are produced from the of old ____cells |
| The basic structure that makes up every living thing | cell |
| scanning probe microscope | newest,most powerful, can observe single atom in the air or solution |
| Prokaryotic | cell without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelle. EX. bacteria |
| Eukaryotic cells | containing membrane-bound organele and a nucleus. ex plants, animals, fungi. |
| organelles | the membrane-bound structures within eukaryotic cell |
| Nucleus | central membrane-bound organelle that manages cellular functions; it also contains DNA. |
| Nuclear envelope | double layered membrane surrounding nucleus that contains small pore. |
| Nuclear pores | allow transport of materials in and out of nucleus |
| Nucleolus | dense material in nucleus |
| Ribosomes | make proteins |
| prokaryotes | cells that do not enclose DNA in nuclei |
| eukaryotes | cells that enclose their DNA in nuclei |
| plasma membrane | another name for cell membrane because many cells are in direct contact with the fluid portion of the blood, the plasma. |
| cytoplasm | the portion of the cell outside the nucleus |
| vacuoles | store materials like water, salts, proteins and carbs. large, saclike, membrane enclosed structures. |
| plant vacuoles | usually one large central vacuole filled with liquid. allows for the support of heavy structures, like leaves and flowers |
| lysosomes | are small organelles filled with enzymes. they break down lipids, carbs and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the cell. involved in breaking down organelles that have outlived their usefulness. |
| performs the vital function for removing 'junk' that may clutter the cell | lysosomes |
| cytoskeleton | a network of protein filaments. gives eukaryotic cells their shape and internal organization. can help transport materials between different parts of the cell. helps maintain the cells shape and is involved in movement. |
| two principle protein filaments that make up a cytoskeleton | microfilaments, purple, and microtubules, yellow |
| What is the function of a Cell Membrane? | Controls the movement of substancesa through the cell. |
| What is the function of a Cytoplasm? | Allows organelles and nutrients to move within the cell. |
| What is the function of a Nucleus? | Control Centre. Contains DNA. |
| What is the function of a Vacuole/Vasticles? | Stores nutrients/waste/water and transports them through the cell. |
| What is the function of a Mitochondria? | POWERHOUSE. Supplies energy. |
| What is the function of a Lysosome? | Breaks down bacteria/damaged cells. Digestion takes place. |
| What is the function of a Golgi Apparatus? | Modify, Sort and Package proteins for delivery. |
| What is the function of a Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum? | Carries materials through the cell. |
| What is the function of a Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum? | Produces fats and oils. |
| What is the function of Ribosomes? | Assembles proteins. |
| What is the function of a Cytoskeleton? | Helps maintain the cells shape. |
| What is the function of a Cell Wall? | Provides strength, protection and support. |
| What is the function of a Chloroplast? | Photosynthesis. |
| microfilaments | threadlike structures that are made of protein called actin. form networks and a framework to support the cell. also helps cells to move |
| microtubules | hollow structures made of proteins known as tubulins. important in cell division. form a structure known as mitotic spindle. help build projections like cilia and flagella. use a '9+2' pattern |
| mitotic spindles | structures that help separate chromosomes |
| centrioles | organelles in animal cells that are formed from tubulins. located near the nucleus and help organize cell division. not found in plant cells |
| cilia and flagella | enables cells to swim rapidly in liquid. are arranged in a 9+2 pattern. |
| 9+2 pattern | an arrangement of cilia and flagella. 9 microtubules on the outside in a circle around 2 microtubules in the middle |
| ribosomes | produces proteins from coded DNA. small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm. |
| endoplasmic reticulum | ER an internal membrane system in eukaryotic cells. where lipids are assembled. rough and smooth ER |
| rough ER | portion involved in the synthesis of proteins. ribosomes are found on its surface. new proteins leave the ribosomes and are inserted into the ER to be chemically modified |
| smooth ER | ribosomes are not found on the surface. contains collections of enzymes that perform tasks. include the synthesis of membrane lipids and the detoxification of drugs |
| golgi apparatus | proteins produced in the rough ER move into this organelle. looks like a stack of flattened membranes. modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the ER for storage or release out of the cell. |
| chloroplasts | capture energy from sunlight and convert it into food that contains energy in a process called photosynthesis. |
| mitochondria | convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. has two membranes. |
| contain their own genetic information in the form of small DNA molecules | mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| cell wall | a strong supporting layer around the membrane. are porous to allow water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to pass through. supports and protects the cell. |
| cell membrane | surrounds the cells like a barrier. regulates what enters and leaves the cell and protects and supports the cell. |
| porous | allos materials to go through |
| lipid bilayer | gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings. |
| hydrophobic | water hating. (go to page 204) |
| hydrophilic | water loving (go to page 204) |
| selectively permeable | some substances can pass through while other cannot. also called semipermeable membranes. |
| every cell exists in a what kind of environment? | liquid |
| diffusion | process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. is the driving force behind the movement of many substances across the cell membrane. |
| equilibrium | when the concentration of the substance on both sides of the cell membrane are the same |
| passive transport | the movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy |
| facilitated diffusion | when molecules cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels. is fast and specific and does not require any additional use of the cell's energy |
| aquaporins | cells that contain water channel proteins. allows water to pass through. |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. in osmosis, molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.. |
| water tends to move across the membrane until ___ is reached | equilibrium |
| isotonic | the same strength refers to the amount of solute, not solvent. |
| hypertonic | above strength (think of being hyper, you have more energy than needed) |
| hypotonic | below strength |
| osmotic pressure | the net movement of water out of or into a cell produces this force |
| active transport | the movement of materials against a concentration difference. requires energy. carried out by transport proteins. |
| protein pumps | transport proteins found in the membrane |
| endocytosis | when the membrane forms a pocket around a particle and forms a vesicle within the cytoplasm. takes in particles |
| exocytosis | when a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases contents out of the cell |
| phagocytosis | form of endocytosis, in which extensions of the cytoplasm surround the particle and package it within a food vacuole. takes up a lot of energy. |
| pinocytosis | when tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles in the cell |
| cell | The basic structure of life that makes up living things. |
| unicellular | Organism made of only one cell. |
| multicellular | Organism made of more than one cell. |
| homeostasis | relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain. |
| tissue | a group of similar cells that performs a particular function |
| organ | groups of tissues working together |
| organ system | groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
| receptor | on or in a cell, a specific protein to whose shape fits that of a specific molecular messenger. |
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