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Serous Fluid
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is called the membrane which lines the cavity wall? | parietal membrane |
| What is called the membrane which overs the organs within the cavity? | visceral membrane |
| What is called the fluid between parietal membrane and visceral membrane? | serous fluid |
| Serous fluids are formed as _________ of plasma, and the production and reabsorption are subject to hydrostatic and oncotic pressures from the capillaries and capillary permeability. | ultrafiltrate |
| Disruption of the mechanisms of serous fluid formation and reabsorption causes in fluid between the membranes, which is called __________ | effusion. |
| Primary causes of effusions include ___________, ________, _________, ___________. | increased hydrostatic pressure,decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permieability, lymphatic obstruction |
| Needle aspiration procedures for pleural fluid is called... | thoracentesis |
| Needle aspiration procedure for pericardial fluid is called... | pericardiocentesis |
| Needle aspiration procedure for peritoneal fluid is called... | paracentesis |
| What kind of effusion is caused by the disruption of fluid filtration and reabsorption balance, such as the changes in hydrostatic pressure created by congestive heart failure or the hypoproteinemia associated with the nephrotic syndrome? | transudate |
| what kind of effusion is caused directly by the membranes of the particular cavity including infections and malignancies? | exudate |
| What kinds of methods are most reliable to differenciate between transudate and exudate? | fluid-to-blood ratios for protein(0.5) and lactic dehydrogenase(0.5) |
| Pleural fluid is obtained from the pleural cavity, located between ___________ lining the chest wall and ___________ covering the lungs. | parietal pleural membrane, visceral pleural membrane |
| What is normal color of pleural fluid? | pale yellow clear |
| What does turbidity of pleural fluid indicate? | the presence of WBCs caused by microbial infection(tuberculosis), or immunologic disorder(rheumatoid arthritis) |
| What does milky pleural fluid indicate? | the presence of chylous material from thoracic duct leakage or pseudocylous material produced in chronic inflammatory conditions |
| Chylous material contains a high concentration of ..... | tryglycerides |
| Pseudocylous material has a higher concentration of ..... | cholesterol |
| an increase in pleural fluid neutrophils is indicative of _________ and __________ | bacterial infection(pneumonia), effusions resulting from pancreatitis and pulmonary infarction |
| When an increased eosinophil levels are seen, it may be associated with ______, ______, _______. | trauma, allergic reactions, parasitic infections |
| if pleural fluid pH is lower than 7.0, what is required to do in addition to administration of antibiotics? | chest-tube drainage |
| If pleural fluid pH is as low as 6.0, what does it indicate? | esophangeal rupture(reflux of gastric fluid) |
| If pleural fluid ADA levels are over 40U/L, what does it highly indicate? | tuberculosis or malignancy |
| If pleural fluid amylase levels are elevated, what do you suspect? | pancreatitis |
| If you find pleural fluid is viscous, what disease will you suspect? | mesothelioma |
| If you find pleural fluid is green, what disease will you suspect? | acute pancreatitis |
| If you find pleural fluid is black, what will you suspect? | aspergillus fungal infection |
| what are the major causes of transudate? | congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome |
| how transudate is caused? | by an increase in hydrostatic or osmotic pressure |
| how exudate is caused? | by the damage to the vessel wall |
| what can significantly differenciate between transudate and exudate? | exudate can form clots while transudate does not. |
| what is chylous effusions? | lymphatic fluid accumulates in a body cavity caused by trauma or malignancy involving the lymphatics |
| when chylous fluid and pseudochylous fluid are centrifuged, which supernatant can be clear? | pseudochylous fluid |
| what does CEA indicate? | malignancy of GI origin |
| What does CA125 indicate? | malignancy of ovarian origin |
| What does CA15.3 indicate? | breast cancer |
Created by:
hiroko lucky
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