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ch.6 muscular system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contractility | The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force |
| Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus |
| Extensibility | The ability to be stretched |
| Elasticity | Ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched |
| Epimysium | Skeletal muscle surrounded by a connective tissue sheath |
| Fascia | Another connective tissue located outside the epimysium |
| Perimysium | Loose connective tissue |
| Endomysium | Fiber that is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath |
| Actin Myofilaments | Thin Myofilaments. They resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together |
| Myosin Myofilaments | Thick Myofilaments. They resemble bundles of minute golf clubs |
| Sarcomeres | Actin and Myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units |
| Resting Membrane Potential | The charge difference across the membrane |
| Action Potential | The brief reversal back of the charge |
| Motor Neurons | Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| Neuromusclular Junction | Each branch that connects to the muscle |
| Synapse | Near the center of the cell |
| Motor Unit | A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates |
| Presynaptic Terminal | The enlarged nerve terminal |
| Synaptic Cleft | The space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| Postsynaptic Terminal | The muscle fiber |
| Acetylcholine | Diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal causing a change in the postsynaptic cell |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Breaks down and ensures that one action potential in the neuron yields only one action potential in the skeletal muscle |
| Sliding Filament Mechanism | The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction |
| Muscle twitch | A contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers |
| Threshold | A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level |
| All-or-None response | the point where the muscle fiber will contract maximally |
| Lag Phase | The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| Relaxation Phase | The time where the muscles relax |
| Tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| Recruitment | The increase in number of motor units being activated |
| Anaerobic Respiration | without oxygen |
| Aerobic Respiration | with oxygen(more efficient) |
| Oxygen debt | The amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells |
| Muscle fatigue | When ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells. |
| Isometric (equal distance) | The length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction |
| Isotonic (equal tension) | the amount of tension produced by muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes |
| Muscle Tone | constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time |
| Orgin | Head which is the most stationary end of the muscle |
| Insertion | The end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| Belly | The portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| Synergists | Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| Antagonist | Muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| Occipitofrontalis | Raises eyebrows |
| Orbicularis oculi | Closes eyelids |
| Orbicularis oris | Puckers lips |
| Buccinator | flattens the cheeks |
| Smgomaticus | Smiling |
| Levator labii Superioris | Sneering |
| Depressor Anguli Oris | Frowning |
| Extrinsic | Moves the tongue |
| Intrinsic | Changes shape of the tongue |
| Mastication | Chewing, Terporalis, Masseter |
| Biceps brachii | crosses both the elbow and shoulder joints. Its action on the shoulder joint is very weak flexion. |
| Flexor Carpi Radialis | crosses the elbow joint and so is also a weak elbow flexor. |
| Vastus Lateralis | the most lateral (outside) of the four quadriceps muscles. It is a major contributor to patella tracking injuries |
| Triceps Brachii | assists Latissimus Dorsi in extending the shoulder joint. It contracts strongly during the up phase of a push up, to straighten the arm. |
| Anconeus | works alongside Triceps Brachii in extending the elbow. It also atcs to pull the synovial membrane out of the way of the olecranon process when the elbow is extending. |
| supinator muscle | assists Biceps brachii in supinating the hand, that is turning it over so that the palm faces up |
| Vastus Lateralis | the most lateral (outside) of the four quadriceps muscles. It is thought to be a major contributor to patella tracking injuries |
| Latissimus dorsi | one of the largest in the body. It is a powerful extensor muscle of the arm and is used extensively in chinning and climbing |
| deltoid | used in all side lifting movements and any movement of the humerus on the scapula. It is divided into two portions, anterior and posterior, with the fibres having different roles due to their orientation |
| Teres Minor | one of the four rotator cuff muscles. Its main action, along with Infraspinatus is to externally rotate the shoulder joint. There are two Teres muscles, the other being Teres Major. |
| Brachioradialis | acts to supinate the forearm from a pronated position, when it flexes the elbow. When starting in a supinated position, it acts to pronate the hand as it flexes the elbow |
| tentorium cerebelli | seperates cerebrum from cerebellum |
| main functions of the cerebellum | smoth movements,corrects errors,cordinates sequence,regulates posture and balance |
| the three regions of the brain stem | mid brain,pons,medulla oblongota |
| brain stem | lies between the spinal cord and diencephalon |
| sensory receptors | Monitor internal environment Monitor external environment |
| limbic system | controls emotion,behavior, and memory |
| diencephalon | extends from the brain stem to the cerebrum |
| cerebral cortex | the outer portion of the cerebrum is the |
| cerebrum | interprets sensory impulses controls muscular movements and functions in emotional and intellectual processes |
| chloroid plexus | produces cerebral spinal fluid |
| enetric plexus | helps regulate digestive system function |
| axon hilock | the axon joins the cell body at the |
Created by:
Mark Morgan
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