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Cell Bio- Chapter 18
study for final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell Cycle | The essential mechanizm by which all living things reproduce. IPPMAT |
| Cell-Cycle Control System | Complex system of regulatory proteins which orders and coordinates these events to ensure that they occur in the correct sequence. |
| M-Phase | Made up of two processes: - Cytokinesis: cell splits in two, begins in anaphase, completes when nuclei form in telophase - Mitosis: mitotic spindle, nucleus division - PPMAT |
| G1-Phase | - The interval between the completion of M phase and the beginning of S phase -Cell control/check |
| S-Phase | The cell replicates its nuclear DNA, an essential prerequisite for cell division. |
| G2-Phase | -The interval between the end of S phase and the beginning of M phase. - Cell monitors the internal and external environments to ensure that conditions are suitable and its preparations are complete before it commits itself to the major to S & M phases. |
| Interphase | - Period between between one M phase and the next - Transcribes genes - Synthesis proteins - Mass growth |
| G0 | Specialized resting state when unfavorable conditions are found in extracellular environment |
| 3 Checkpoints | - G1 before S phase - G2 before M phase - M phase: chromosomes properly attached to the mitotic spindle before split |
| Cyclin-dependent Protein Kinases (Cdks) | - The kinases of the cell-cycle system - Cyclins bind to cell-cycle kinases for them to become enzymatically active - Activation of cyclin-Cdk complexes trigger entry into S or M phase |
| Cyclical Proteolysis | - Cell Cycle depends on Cyclical Proteolysis - Inactivation of M-Cdk, brought on by destruction of M cyclin, guide cell out of mitosis |
| Cdk Inhibitor Proteins | Blocks the assembly or activity of one or more cyclin-Cdk complexes. |
| Mitogens | Signals produced by other cells in mammals that lead to the multiplying of cells. |
| Sister Chromatids | After the chromosoomes have been duplicated in S phase, the two copies of each replicated chromosome remain tightly bound together as identical sister cchromatids. |
| Cohesins | - Sister chromatids are held together by these protein complexes which assemble along the length of each sister chromatid as DNA is replicated, S phase. - Form rings surrounding chromatids, keeping united. - Hold DNA to form sister chromatids (S phase |
| M-Cdk | Triggers condensation of replicated chromosomes into compact, rod-like structures, readying them for segregation, and it also induces the assembly of the mitotic spindle that will separate condensed chromosomes & segregate them into two daughter cells. |
| Condesins | - Protein complexes help carry out chromosome condensation. - M-Cdk triggers assembly of condensin complexes onto DNA by phosphorylating some condensin subunits. - Coil up DNA to condense chromatid (M phase) |
| Prophase | - Replicated chromosomes condense - Mitotic Spindle starts to form |
| Prometaphase | - Nuclear envelope breaks down - Allow spindle microtubules to bind to the chromosomes |
| Metaphase | - Mitotic spindle gathers chromosomes to the center |
| Anaphase | - Sister chromatids split apart to opposite ends of the cell |
| Telophase | - Mitotic spindle disassembles - Nuclear envelopes form from nuclear vesicles - Nuclear pores and proteins are dephosphorylated to reassemble and form nuclear envelope and lamina - Nuclear envelope assembles around chromosomes to form two nuclei |
| Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC) | - Cohesin linkage is destroyed by a protease called separase, which up to the beginning of anaphase is held in inactive state by binding to inhibitory protein: securin. At beginning of anaphase, securin is targeted for destruction by protein complex: APC. |
| Phragmoplast | - Formed by the remains of the interpolar microtubules at the equator of the old mitotic spindle in plant cells - The new cell wall starts assemble in the cytoplasm between the two sets of segregated chromosomes at the start of telophase |
| Telophase (Cell Wall Formation) | - Membrane enclosed vesicles carry cell wall matrix polysaccharides & glycoproteins along microtubules to phragmoplast - Vesicles fuse to form expanding disc like membrane enclosed structure - Divides cell in two - Cellular microfibrils added to cell w |
Created by:
Ash T.
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