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Cell Bio- Chapter 20
study for final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Terminally Differentiated | Differentiated cells that need continual replacement but are unable to divide. Ex. Epidermal cells, absorptive and goblet cells of the gut lining |
| Proliferating Precursor Cells | - Generate replacements for terminaly differentiated cells - Derive from small numbers of dividing stem cells |
| Stem Cells | - Not terminally differentiated - Can divide without limit (for lifetime of animal) - Job: produce cells that will carry out specialized function of differentiated cell - Provide for continual renewal of normal tissue & repair of tissue lost thru injur |
| Wnt Proteins | - Class of signal molecules that serve to keep the stem cells and precursor cells at the base of each intestinal crypt in a proliferative state. (see page 714) |
| Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells | - Derived from early mouse embryos an extraordinary class of stem cells through cell culture - Can be kept proliferating indefinitely, under appropriate conditions, and yet retain unrestricted developmental potential. |
| Pluripotent | The ability of stem cells to obtain unrestricted developmental potential |
| Immune Rejection | The rejection and destruction of transplanted plans by the immune system, if they are genetically different from the cells of the patient into whom they are grafted. |
| Clone | A set of individuals that are genetically identical by virtue of their descent from a single ancestor. - Simplest form: cloning of cells (ex. used to treat burn victims) |
| Reproductive Cloning | - Cloning of entire multicellular animals - Achieved through nuclear transplantation - Unfertilized egg nucleus removed-> diploid nucleus from adult added to egg-> Cell develops in cell culture-> Turns into embryo-> Implanted into foster mother |
| Therapeutic Cloning | - Elaborate technique for generating personalized ES cells, rather than whole cloned animals - Same as reproductive cloning, except embryo consisting of about 200 cells is not transplanted into foster mother - Generate cell types used for tissue repair |
| Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells | - Expression of 3 genes (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4) is sufficient to convert fibroblasts into cells with practically all the properties of ES cells, including the ability to differentiate in diverse ways and to contribute to any tissue - Conversion rate is low |
| Cancer | -The 2nd major cause of death worldwide. - Proliferate in defiance of the normal constraints - Invade and colonize territories normally reserved for other cells. - NOT an infectious disease - Consequence of pathological changes in info carried by DN |
| Benign Tumor | - A mass of proliferating cells that can be removed cleanly and completely by surgery. |
| Malignant Tumor | - A cancerous tumor that has the ability to invade surrounding tissue |
| Metastases | - When a malignant tumor cells break loose from the main mass, enter the blood stream and lymphatic vessels, and form secondary tumors at other sites of the body. |
| Epidemiology | - The statistical analysis of human populations that is used to look for factors that correlate with disease incidence. |
| Genetic Instability | - Most human cancer cells not only contain many mutations but also are genetically unstable. - This results from mutations that interfere with the accurate replication and maintenance of the genome and thereby increase the mutation rate itself. |
| Properties of Cancer | - Reduced dependency on signals from other cells for growth, survival, and division. - Less prone to death by apoptosis - Cells can proliferate indefinitely by reactivating production of telomerase enzyme that maintains telomere lengths |
| Properties of Cancer | - Most cancers are genetically unstable with a greatly increased mutation rate. - Abnormally invasive b/c they lack cell-adhesion molecules - Survive and proliferate in foreign tissues to form secondary tumors |
| Oncogene | - Gene that causes dangerous mutations that make the affected gene product hyperactive - These genes have a dominant effect: only one gene copy needs to be mutated to cause trouble, which is the oncogene |
| Proto-oncogene | Normal form of the gene needed to be mutated to cause trouble |
| Tumor Suppressor Gene | - Mutations that destroy gene function - Mostly recessive: both gene copies must be lost or inactivated before an effect is seen - The affected genes: tumor suppressor gene |
| Colorectal Cancer | - Arises from the epithelium lining the colon and rectum - Affected individuals develop colorectal cancer in adult life, and onset of the disease is foreshadowed by development of polyps - Deletion or inactivation of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) gen |
| Polyps | - Hundreds or thousands of tumorous cell growths |
Created by:
Ash T.
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