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DNA BH10

Biology Honors

QuestionAnswer
Who discovered nucleic acid? Friedrich Miescher
What are the essential parts of bacteria? lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
What is the shape of DNA? Double helix
What are strands in DNA held together by? hydrogen bonds
What is A paired with in DNA? T
What is C paired with? G
How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T? 2
How many hydrogen bonds are between C and G? 3
What is DNA? A nucleic acid.
What are some units called in DNA? nucleotides
What is the full name for DNA? Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What does each DNA nucleotide contain? deoxyribose sugar
What are nucleotides made up of? phosphate, sugar, and a base.
What are the 2 pyrimides? Thymine and cytosine
What are the 2 purines? adenine and guanine
What kind of structure do pyrimides have? single ring
What kind of structure do purines have? double ring
What are the 3 basic steps to making DNA? Parental DNA strands unwind, nucleotides attach, new strands wind into double helix.
What happens in DNA helicase? unzips by breaking hydrogen bonds
What happens in DNA polymerase? exposed bases are recognized and matches them to free nucleotides.
What happens in DNA ligase? Everything gets put together.
What are the possible effects of mistakes or damage in DNA? function normally, survive but not function as efficiently, die, cause cells to divide uncontrollably causing cancer, or may be an aging factor.
What are the two phases of protein synthesis? transcription and translation
What is protein synthesis? The production of polypeptide chains.
What has to be processed before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells? mRNA
What is the pathway to make a protein? DNA, mRNA, tRNA (ribosomes), protein
What is the structure of RNA? single strand
What is the different sugar in RNA? ribose
What replaces thymine in RNA? uracil
What are the 3 types of RNA? mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
What does mRNA do and what does it stand for? carries genetic information to the ribosomes and messenger RNA
What does tRNA do and what does it stand for? transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized. transfer RNA.
What does rRNA do and what does it stand for? along with protein, makes up the ribosomes. ribosomal RNA
What are proteins made up of? amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
Does our body provide all 20 amino acids? no
What are amino acid chains called? polypeptides
What is a gene? The segment of DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence in a protein.
What are the two parts of protein synthesis? transcription and translation
What happens during transcription? makes an RNA molecule complementary to a portion of DNA and transfer of information in the nucleus from a DNA molecule to a RNA molecule.
When does translation occur? It occurs when the sequence of bases of mRNA directs the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
What kind of code does DNA contain? triplet code
Every 3 bases on DNA stands for what? one amino acid
Each 3 letter unit on mRNA is called what? codon
Most amino acids have what? more than one codon
How many possible different triplets are there? 64
What serves as the template in transcription? one DNA strand
Where does transcription start and end? starts at promotor (Tata box) ends at terminator
What is released when transcription is complete? pre-RNA
Where does the processing of pre-mRNA occur? nucleus
What is pre-mRNA made of? segments called introns and exons
What is the difference between introns and exons? Exons code for proteins, introns do not.
What is the end product of processing mRNA? A mature RNA molecule that leaves the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
What is always the starting codine for mRNA? AUG
What is the codine AUG called? methionine
What are the stop codons? UAA, UAG, or UGA
What does tRNA have? anticodons that are complementary to mRNA codons
What are ribosomes made of? small and large subunit. 40% rRna 60% proteins
How many sites do the ribosomes have for tRNA attachment? What are they called? 2 called P and A
What are the three steps of translation? initiation, elongation, and termination.
What happens during the initiation step? start codon AUG
What happens during the elongation step? amino acids linked
What happens during the termination step? stop codon comes into play
What is the end product of translation? primary structure protein
What are the types of mutations? substitution, insertion, deletion, and frameshift.
What is the substitution mutation? exchanges one base for another
What is the mutation insertion? extra base pairs are inserted
What is the mutation deletion? section of DNA is lost or deleted
What is the mutation frameshift? Insertions and deletions can alter a gene so that its message is no longer correctly read and translated.
What are mutations? Changes to a base pair.
What important polymer is located in the nucleus? DNA
What is DNA? Instructions for making a cell's proteins.
What makes up the rungs of DNA? Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine.
What must be broken to copy DNA? hydrogen bonds
Copying DNA to make two, identical DNA molecules is called?? replicating
What can leave the nucleus through pores in the nuclear envelope? mRNA
Where in the cell are chromosomes located? nucleus
DNA can be found in what organelles of the cell? nucleus, mitocondria, or chloroplast
What two scientists established the structure of DNA? Watson and Crick
Why is RNA necessary to act as a messenger? Why can't the code be taken directly from the DNA? DNA cannot fit through nuclear pores to carry messages. It has to be copied.
How do some cells become brain cells and others become skin cells when the DNA in all the cells is exactly the same? There are different sections that can turn off certain genes such as introns, there are some that do things called exons.
Who studied the structure of DNA using x-ray extraction? Rosalind Franklin
What is x-ray extraction? a technique to examine molecules
Created by: hescurlock
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