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T. Culligan Vocab
T. Culligan's Midterm Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organic Compound | chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements |
| What Makes Carbon Special? | carbon atoms can bond in many different ways |
| Atomic Structure | nucleus made up of positive and neutral particles (protons and neutrons) which is circled by negatively charged particles (electrons) |
| Electron Energy Levels | 1st level - 2 e’s, 2nd level - 8 e’s, 3rd level - 18 e’s |
| Condensation | the small molecules that are bonded together to make a polymer have an H and an OH group that can be removed to form HOH a water molecule |
| Hydrolysis | when you break a polymer into monomers |
| Condensation | when you connect two monomers together to form a polymer, water comes out of the reaction |
| Lipid | large organic compounds made mostly of carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen; examples are fats, oils, waxes, and steroids; are insoluble in water and used by cells for energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings, such as in membranes |
| Carbohydrate | organic compound used by cells to store and release energy; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| Protein | large, complex polymer essential to all life composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur; provides structure for tissues and organs and helps carry out cell metabolism |
| Nucleic Acid | complex biomolecules, such as RNA and DNA, that store cellular information in cells in the form of a code |
| When does diffusion stop? | when dynamic equilibrium is reached |
| Why have folded membranes? | folded membranes have more surface area |
| Cell Theory | 1. all organisms are composed of one or more cells; 2. the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms; 3. all cells come from preexisting cells |
| van Leeuwenhoek | first to describe a cell |
| Hooke | first to name a cell |
| Prokaryotes | have no nucleous, no organelles with membranes, are unstructured (bacteria, archaebacteria) |
| Eukaryotes | have a nucleous, organelles with membranes, are organized, and are more advanced than Prokaryotes |
| Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane | phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol molecules, carbohydrate chains, transport proteins |
| Movement of Phospholipids in the Plasma Membrane | the phospholipids move around |
| Plasma Membrane | maintains homeostasis |
| Cell Wall | supports and protects cell (plants) |
| Ribosome | makes proteins |
| Chloroplast | produces food (plants) |
| Cytoskeleton | provides internal structure |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | chemical reactions |
| Golgi Apparatus | sorts and transports |
| Lysosome | digests material |
| Mitochondrion | transforms energy |
| Nucleus | cell control center |
| Vacuole | storage |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Isotonic Solution | the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell |
| Hypotonic Solution | the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell |
| Hypertonic Solution | the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell |
| Passive Transport | moving with the concentration gradient - channel proteins |
| Active Transport | moving against the concentration gradient - transport proteins |
| Why are cells small? | diffusion becomes inefficient over long distances, as volume grows the surface area does not grow proportionally, a bigger cell would need more than one nucleus (more DNA) |
| Cell Cycle | continuous sequence of growth and division in a cell |
| Chlorophyll | light-absorbing pigment in plants and some protists that is required for photosynthesis; absorbs most wavelengths of light except for green |
| Chloroplast | chlorophyll-containing organelles found in the cells of green plants and some protists; capture light energy and converted it to chemical energy |
| ATP | adenine triphosphate, energy-storing molecule in cells composed of an adenosine molecule, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups; energy is stored in the molecule’s chemical bonds between the second and third phosphates |
| Photosynthesis | carbon dioxide + water + light energy = glucose + oxygen |
| Calvin Cycle | series of reactions during the light-independent phase of photosynthesis in which simple sugars are formed from carbon dioxide using ATP and hydrogen from the light-dependent reactions |
| Cellular Respiration | chemical process where mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP; the three stages are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain |
| Glycolysis | series of anaerobic chemical reactions in the cytoplasm that break down glucose into pyruvic acid; forms a net profit of two ATP molecules |
| Final Electron Acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain | oxygen |
| Crossing Over | exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids from homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis; results in new allele combinations |
| Homologous Chromosomes | paired chromosomes with genes for the same traits arranged in the same order |
| Punnet Square | a diagram of the possible genotypes of offspring from a cross |
| Heterozygous | when there are two different alleles for a trait |
| Homozygous | when there are two identical alleles for a trait |
| Alleles | alternative forms of a gene for each variation of a trait of an organism |
| Phenotype | outward appearance of an organism, regardless of its genes |
| Genotype | combination of genes in an organism |
| Incomplete Dominance | the inheritance pattern where the phenotype of heterozygous individuals is intermediate between those of the two homozygotes |
| Codominance | the inheritance pattern where both alleles of a heterozygote are expressed equally |
| Multiple Alleles | traits controlled by more than two alleles |
| Sex-Linked | a trait on one of the sex chromosomes, usually on the X chromosome |
| Pedigree | graphic representation of genetic inheritance used by geneticists to map genetic traits |
| Blood Types | A (AA, Ai), B (BB, Bi), AB, O (ii) |
| Polygenic Inheritance | the inheritance pattern of a trait that is controlled by two or more genes |
| Why are most lethal/bad disorders recessive? | if they were dominant more people would get them and would die before they could have offspring to pass them on |
| Human Dominant Disorder | Huntington's |
| Biology | the study of life |
| Biologists | scientists who study the diversity of life |
| Characteristics of living things | orderly structure, produce offspring, grow and develop, adjust to changes in environment |
| Stimulus | anything in the organism's internal or external environment that causes it to react |
| Response | reaction to a stimulus |
| Homeostasis | regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for its survival |
| Hypothesis | explanation for a question or problem that can be formally tested |
| Experiment | investigation that tests a hypothesis by the process of collecting data under a controlled environment |
| Independent Variable | condition in an experiment that is tested |
| Dependent Variable | condition that is changed because of changes in the independent variable |
| Control | standard against which results are compared |
| Theory | explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different investigations and observations |
| Quantitative Data | numerical data |
| Qualitative Data | written descriptions |
| Ethics | moral values or principles held by humans |
| Technology | application of scientific research to society's needs and problems |
| Abiotic Factors | nonliving parts of an organism's habitat |
| Biotic Factors | all of the living organisms that inhabit an environment |
| Population | group of organisms of the same species that interbreed and live in the same area at the same time |
| Biological Community | interacting populations in a certain area at the same time |
| Ecosystem | interacting populations in a biological community and the abiotic factors |
| Habitat | place where an organisms lives |
| Niche | all an organism’s interactions with the biotic and abiotic parts of its habitat |
| Autotroph | organism that uses light energy or energy stored in chemical compounds to make energy rich compounds |
| Heterotroph | an organism that cannot make its own food and must feed on other organisms for energy and nutrients |
| Herbivore | a heterotroph that eats only autotrophs |
| Carnivore | heterotroph that only eats other heterotrophs |
| Omnivore | an organism that eats autotrophs and heterotrophs |
| Scavenger | an organism that feeds on dead animals and garbage |
| Decomposer | an organism that breaks down complex compounds of dead and dying organisms |
| Food Chain | shows one way that matter and energy move through an ecosystem |
| Food Web | shows all the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in the community |
| Energy Pyramid | each level represents the energy availible within that trophic level |
| Carbon Cycle | energy from the sun is used by autotrophic organisms to make carbon dioxide to carbon molecules by photosynthesis. Then the autotrophs and heterotrophs use the carbon molecules and release the energy. The carbon is released into the atmosphere |
| Primary Succession | the colonizations of barren land by communities of organisms |
| Secondary Succession | the sequence of changes that take place after an existing community is severely disrupted in some way |
| Limiting Factors | any abiotic or biotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms |
| Carrying Capacity | the number of organisms of one species that an environment can support indefinitely |
| Biological Diversity | the variety of life in an area; usually measured as the number of species that live in an area |
| Tolerance | the ability of an organism to withstand fluctuations in the biotic and abiotic environmental factors |
| Climax Community | stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species |
| Demography | the study of human population size, density and distribution, movement, and its birth and death rates |
| Density-dependent Factors | factors that are affected by the size of a population (disease) |
| Density Independent Factors | factors that are not affected by the size of a population (climate, temperature, habitat disruption) |
| Emigration | when individuals move out of an area |
| Immigration | when individuals move into an area |
| Slow Life History | reproduce slowly with longer life spans |
| Rapid Life History | reproduce fast with short life spans |
| Exponential Population Growth | as the population gets larger, it also grows at a faster rate |
| Major Threats to Biodiversity | habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, edge effect, habitat degradation, water pollution, land pollution, exotic species |
| Major Focus of Conservation Biology | tries to protect biodiversity |
| High Diversity | many different species in an area |
| Large Population | many organisms in a population |
| Land Size on Population | populations need space to survive |
| Replication | 1. enzymes separate strands; 2. base pairing occurs with free nucleotides; 3. the bases bond |
| Transcription | 1. DNA unzips; 2. free nucleotides attach to one side of DNA; 3. mRNA detaches; 4. DNA zips back up |
| Translation, Steps 1 and 2 | 1. ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand, tRNA approaches the ribosome; 2. if the anticodon on the tRNA matches with the codon on the mRNA strand, they bond |
| Nucleotide Structure | nitrogen base, simple sugar, and a phosphate group. |
| Bonds in DNA/RNA | hydrogen bonds connect the nitrogen bases; covalent bonds connect the simple sugars and phosphate groups |
| Nitrogenous Bases | Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil. A - T or U (double bond), G - C (triple bond) |
| Pyrimidines | single-ringed; T, C, U |
| Purines | double-ringed; A, G |
| What makes up ribosomes? | rRNA and protein |
| Different Mutations of DNA | point mutation - one letter is changed; frameshift mutation - one letter is added or subtracted |
| Different Mutations of Chromosomes | inversion, deletion, translocation, insertion |
| Mutations in Somatic Cells | affect the individual |
| Mutations in Reproductive Cells | can harm person’s offspring |
| Mutagen | any agent that can cause a change in a DNA sequence. |
| Codon | a group of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA code that codes for one amino acid |
| What are proteins made of? | amino acids and peptide bonds |
| Applications of DNA Technology | helps diabetes, dwarfism, hemophilia, and emphysema, helps make cheese, pulp and paper products, and helps make corn, broccoli, cotton, and potatoes that are resistant to bugs and disease. |
| Gene Therapy | the insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders |
| DNA Fingerprinting | a technique by which the DNA of an individual can be compared with that found in a sample or another individual |
| Genetic Engineering | cleaving DNA from one organism and inserting the fragments into a host organism |
| Restriction Enzymes | bacterial proteins that cut both strands of DNA at palindromes |
| Gel Electrophoresis | a process that uses electricity to separate DNA fragments by size as they migrate through a gel matrix |
| Recombinant DNA | DNA that is made by connecting, or recombining fragments of DNA from different sources |
| PCR | Polymerase Chain Reaction; method that is used to replicate DNA outside of living organisms. |
| Palindrome | a segment of double-stranded DNA in which the nucleotide sequence of one strand reads in reverse order to that of the complementary strand |
| Transgenic Organism | an organism that contains functional recombinant DNA from a different organism |
| Steps to Make a Transgenic Organism | 1. isolate gene; 2. cleave it; 3. transfer DNA to a vector; 4. insert vector into organism |
| Human Genome Project | an organized international scientific endeavor to determine the complete structure of the human DNA and understand its function |
| Chromosome and Gene Number in Humans | 46 chromosomes and 35,000 - 40,000 genes |
| Test Cross | a cross of an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual of known genotype used to determine the genotype of the unknown individual |
| How to Set Up a Test Cross | mate a homozygous recessive individual with the individual of unknown genotype |
| Translation, Steps 3, 4, and 5 | 3. when the second tRNA bonds with the mRNA strand, a peptide bond forms between the amino acids; 4. the first tRNA breaks off; 5. this process repeats until a stop codon is reached, creating a string of amino acids |
Created by:
hannah324
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