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Ch 9-10, 16.1, 17-18
HBiology 1st Semester Finals, Gelbaum, 9-10, 16.1, 17-18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The relationship between genes and DNA | Gene= a segment of DNA that is located in a chromosome and that codes for a specific hereditary trait |
| Chargaff base pairing rules | the rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA |
| Watson and Crick | Built a model of the structure of DNA. Namely a model with a double helix shape. |
| Double helix | the spiral-staircase structure characteristic of the DNA molecule |
| Replication | the duplication of a DNA molecule |
| DNA polymerase | an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule |
| Replication forks | a Y-shaped point that results when the two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated |
| Transcription | the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template |
| The genetic code | the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein |
| Codon | In DNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal |
| Translation | The portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains |
| Anticodon | A region of tRNA that consists of three bases complementary to the codon of mRNA |
| Mutagen | A physical or chemical agent that can damage or cause changes (mutations) in DNA |
| Nucleotide | in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
| Helix | a spiral |
| Double Helix | the spiral-staircase structure characteristic of the DNA molecule |
| mRNA | messenger RNA, a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein |
| tRNA | transfer RNA, an RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA, an organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for ribosome function |
| Gene mutations | base-pair substitutions; a mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide |
| The regulation of gene expression | Basically controls when a gene is activated and used to make a product (protein). |
| Gene expression | the manifestation of the genetic material of an organism in the form of specific traits |
| Exponential | logarithmic growth, or growth in which numbers increase by a certain factor in each successive time period |
| Logistic | population growth that starts with a minimum number of individuals and reaches a maximum depending on the carrying capacity of the region; described by an S-shaped curve |
| Density-Dependent | variable affected by the number of organisms present in a given area |
| Density-Independent | a variable that affects a population regardless of the population density, such as climate |
| r-strategist | a species that is adapted for living in an environment where changes are rapid and unpredictable; characterized by rapid growth, high fertility, short life span, small body size, and exponential population growth |
| k-strategist | a species characterized by slow maturation, few young, slow population growth, reproduction late in life, and a population density near the carrying capacity of the environment |
| Communities | a group of various species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other |
| Biotic | describes living factors in the environment |
| Abiotic | describes the nonliving part of the environment, including water, rocks, light, and temperature |
| Succession | The replacement of one type of community by another at a single location over a period of time |
| Energy flow | Basically Sun, plants, animals, more animals |
| Ecologic pyramids | A triangular diagram that shows an ecosystem's loss of energy, which results as energy passes through the ecosystem's food chain; each row in the pyramid represents a trophic (feeding) level in an ecosystem, and the area of a row represents the energy sto |
| Biome | major biological community that occurs over large area of land |
| 7 major biomes | tropical rainforest, desert, savannas, Temperate deciduous forests, temperate grassland, taiga, tundra |
| Tropical rain forests | 200-450cm rainfall p/year, greatest |
| Desert | vegetation is sparse; fewer than 25cm of precipitation p/year; most extensive in interior continents (Africa, Asia, Australia) |
| Savannas | widely spaced trees, seasonal drought, 90-150cmp/year; fluctuation of temp |
| Temperate deciduous forest | warm summers, cold winter, sufficient precipitation (75-250 p/year); deciduous trees shed leaves in fall; trees are hardwoods( oak, hickory, etc) |
| Temperate grasslands | another name for prairie; contains deep fertile soil; |
| Taiga | cold, wet climate; coniferous trees; one of largest biomes on earth |
| Tundra | between taiga and ice surrounding of north pole; water is unavailable most of the year- frozen; |
| Types of symbiosis | (blank) |
| Mutualism | a relationship between two species in which both species benefit |
| Commensalism | a relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected |
| Parasitism | a relationship between two species in which one species, the parasite, benefits from the other species, the host, which is harmed |
| Competitive exclusion principle | the exclusion of one species by another due to competition |
| H20 cycle | Water vapor—precipitation—infiltration/runoff—lakes/streams—evaporation/transpiration--condensation |
| C02 cycle | photosynthesis—decay of organisms—fossils, fuels—factory emissions/plant/animal respiration |
| N cycle | atmosphere—Nfixation in roots—ammonium—nitrifying bacteria—nitrates—plants—decomposition—ammonicum—nitrifying bacteria—nitrates—denitrifying bacteria--atmosphere |
Created by:
riderbreez
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