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Chapters 6-8 Bio
HBiology 1st Semester Finals, Gelbaum 6-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chromosomes | in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA |
| Binary Fission | a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size |
| Homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis |
| Zygote | the cell that results from the fusion of gametes; a fertilized egg |
| Diploid | a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes |
| Haploid | describes a cell, nucleus, or organism that has only one set of unpaired chromosomes |
| Events of the cell cycle | G1, S, G2, M |
| First Growth Phase (G1) | a cell grows rapidly and carries out its routine functions – occupies most of a cell’s life, cells that do not divide remain in this stage |
| Synthesis Phase (S) | DNA is copied. At the end of this phase, each chromosome consists of two chromatids attached at the centromere. |
| Second Growth Phase (G2) | preparations are made for the nucleus to divide. Microtubules are assembled. |
| Mitosis | nucleus is divided into two nuclei with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the original cell. |
| Cytokinesis | the cytoplasm divides |
| Replication of chromosomes | DNA replication- mitosis |
| Chromatids | a portion of the cell nucleus made up of DNA and proteins; it is the carrier of the genes in inheritance |
| Mitosis steps | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes | (blank) |
| Cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm of a cell; cytokinesis follows the division of the cell's nucleus by mitosis or meiosis; In plants, a cell plate forms between the two new cells. In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms. Begins during anaphase and ends after |
| Cell growth G1 checkpoint | decides whether cell will divide, if large and healthy, proteins will stimulate the cell to begin synthesis S phase. At this point some muscle and nerve cells pass into a resting period and do not divide. |
| DNA synthesis G2 checkpoint | DNA repair enzymes check DNA replication and cell prepares for mitosis |
| Mitosis checkpoint | triggers exit of mitosis and cell begins G1 phase |
| Cancer | a tumor in which the cells begin dividing at an uncontrolled rate and become invasive |
| Meiosis | a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells (gametes or spores) |
| Importance of generating variation | the cell/organism can evolve and live in case of disease, disaster, etc. |
| Crossing-over | the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis; can result in genetic recombination |
| Asexual reproduction | reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent |
| Sexual Reproduction | reproduction in which gametes from two parents unite |
| Compare mitosis and meiosis | Mitosis results in two diploid cells that are exactly like the parent cell and have the same number and type of chromosomes. Meiosis results in four haploid cells that are all different due to crossing-over. They will have half the number of chromosomes a |
| Mitosis | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes |
| Meiosis | a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells (gametes or spores) |
| Fertilization | the union of a male and female gamete to form a zygote |
| Genetics | the science of heredity and of the mechanisms by which traits are passed from parents to offspring |
| Trait | a genetically determined characteristic |
| Hybrid | Cross between two parents. Produces a hybrid with genetic information from both parents |
| Law of Dominance | alleles can either be dominant of recessive |
| Law of segregation | Mendel's 2nd law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete |
| Law of independent assortment | the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis |
| Gene | a segment of DNA that is located in a chromosome and that code for a specific hereditary trait |
| Allele | one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color |
| True-breeding | describes organisms or genotypes that are homozygous for a specific trait and thus always produce offspring that have the same phenotype for that trait |
| Dominant trait | the trait observed when at least one dominant allele for a characteristic is inherited |
| Recessive trait | a trait that is apparent only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited |
| Genotype | the entire genetic makeup of an organism; also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits |
| Phenotype | an organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic that results from the organism's genotype and the environment |
| Heterozygous | describes an individual that has two different alleles for a trait |
| Homozygous | describes an individual that has identical alleles for a trait on both homologous chromosomes |
| Monohybrid cross | a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits |
| Dihybrid cross | a cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene |
| Test cross | crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype |
| Incomplete dominance | a condition in which a trait in an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the individual's two parents because the dominant allele is unable to express itself fully |
| Co dominance | a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed |
| Polygenic traits | a characteristic of an organism that is determined by many genes |
| Multiple alleles | more than two alleles (versions of the gene) for a genetic trait |
| Linked genes | A group of genes that are located on the same chromosome |
| Genetic recombination | The regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents |
| Sex chromosomes | One of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual |
| Mutation | A change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule |
| Sex-linked genes and sex linked traits | A trait that is determined by a gene found on one of the sex chromosomes, such as the X chromosome or the Y chromosome in humans. |
| How sex is determined | female=XX, male=XY |
| Autosomes | Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| Deletion mutations | The loss of a part of DNA from a chromosome |
| Duplication mutation | chromosome fragment attaches to homologous chromosomes-doubles |
| Translocation | the movement of a segment of DNA from one chromosome to another, which results in a change in the position of the segment; also the movement of soluble nutrients from one part of a plant to another |
| Nondisjunction | The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis or meiosis II |
| Monosomy | A condition in a diploid cell in which one member of a pair of homologous chromosomes is missing |
| Trisomy | A chromosomal anomaly in which an individual has an extra chromosome in any of the chromosome pairs |
| Pedigree | A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family |
| Karyotyping | An array of the chromosomes found in an individual’s cells at metaphase of mitosis and arranged in homologous pairs and in order of diminishing size |
| Down syndrome | A disorder caused by an extra twenty-first chromosome and characterized by a number of physical and mental abnormalities |
| Klinefelter syndrome | A condition that occurs in men who have an extra X chromosome in most of their cells. |
| Turner syndrome | a genetic disorder that affects a girl's development. The cause is a missing or incomplete X chromosome. Girls who have it are short, and their ovaries don't work properly. |
| Defective chromosome structure- cri du chat | Occurs when a piece of chromosomal material is missing from a particular region on chromosome 5 |
| Recessive genetic disorders | tay-sachs and cystic fibrosis |
| Dominant-allele disorder | sickle cell disease |
| Sex-linked | color blindness, hemophilia and PKU |
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