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Chapters 3-5 Bio
HBiology 1st Semester Finals, Gelbaum 3-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Parts of a compound microscope | oculars, body, nosepiece, objective lens, stage, iris diaphragm, fine focus, coarse focus, light source, base |
| Electron microscope | a microscope that focuses a beam of electrons to magnify objects |
| Magnification | the increase of an object's apparent size by using lenses or mirrors |
| Resolution | in microscopes, the ability to form images with fine detail |
| Three principles of the cell theory | All living things must be made of one or more cells, Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms, All cells arise from existing cells |
| Nucleus (both cells) | in a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s DNA and that has a role in processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction |
| Nucleolus (both cells) | the part of the eukaryotic nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized |
| Nuclear envelope (both cells) | the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell |
| Nuclear pores (both cells) | one of the small holes in the nuclear envelope through which substances pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm |
| Ribosomes (both cells) | a cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (both cells) | a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids |
| Rough ER (both cells) | the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum to which ribosomes are attached |
| Smooth ER (both cells) | the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks attached ribosomes |
| Golgi apparatus (both cells) | a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell |
| Mitochondria (both cells) | in eukaryotic cells, the cell organelle that is surrounded by two membranes and that is the site of cellular respiration, which produces ATP |
| Cytoskeleton (both cells) | the cytoplasmic network of protein filaments that plays an essential role in cell movement, shape, and division |
| Microfilaments (both cells) | a fiber found inside eukaryotic cells that is composed mainly of the protein actin and that has a role in cell structure and movement |
| Chloroplasts (Plant cells) | an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs |
| Central vacuole (Plant cells) | a large cavity or sac that is found in plant cells or protozoans and that contains air or partially digested food |
| Lysosome (both cells) | a cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes |
| Microtubules (both cells) | one of the small, tubular fibers composed of the protein tubulin that are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that compose the cytoskeleton, and that play a role in cell structure and movement |
| Cell wall (Plant cells) | a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell |
| Cell (plasma) membrane (both cells) | a phospholipid layer that covers a cell’s surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell’s environment |
| Vesicles (Animal cells) | a small cavity or sac that contains materials in a eukaryotic cell; forms when part of the cell membrane surrounds the materials to be taken into the cell or transported within the cell |
| Centrioles (Animal cells) | an organelle that is active during mitosis |
| Prokaryotes | a single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; examples are archaea and bacteria |
| Eukaryotes | an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane, multiple chromosomes, and a mitotic cycle; eukaryotes include protists, animals, plants, and fungi but not archaea or bacteria |
| Importance of cell size limitations | If the surface area-to-volume ratio is too high, waste can’t get out fast enough, and important proteins and nutrients can’t get in fast enough. |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | A phospholipid is a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes |
| Passive transport | the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell |
| Semi-permeable membrane | a membrane that permits the passage of only certain molecules |
| Hypertonic | describes a solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell |
| Hypotonic | describes a solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside a cell |
| Isotonic | a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell |
| Ion channels | a pore in a cell membrane through which ions can pass |
| Facilitated diffusion | the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins |
| Active transport | the movement of chemical substances, usually across the cell membrane, against a concentration gradient; requires cells to use energy |
| Sodium-potassium pump | a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell |
| Endocytosis | the process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell |
| Exocytosis | the process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out |
| Homeostasis | the maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment; a constant internal state that is maintained in a changing environment by continually making adjustments to the internal and external environment |
| Diffusion | the movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water or another solvent from a more dilute solution (of a solute) to a more concentrated solution (of the solute) through a membrane that is permeable to the solvent |
| Concentration gradient | a difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance |
| Photosynthesis | the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen |
| Energy flow | sun; plant; plant eater (herbivore); eater of plant eater (carnivore); eater of the eater of the plant eater and so on until it gets to humans (omnivore) |
| Photosynthesis reaction | 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy → 6O2 + C6H12O6 Water and carbon dioxide yield oxygen and glucose |
| Chloroplast | organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs |
| Chlorophyl | a green pigment that is present in most plant cells, that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that reacts with sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to form carbohydrates |
| Pigments | a substance that gives another substance or a mixture its color |
| Light reaction | the initial reactions in photosynthesis, which are triggered by the absorption of light by photosystems I and II and include the passage of electrons along the electron transport chains, the production of NADPH and oxygen gas, and the synthesis of ATP thr |
| Dark reaction | basically occurs in stroma, takes carbon dioxide from the air and NADPH from the light reactions and produces glucose, ADP, and NADP+. ADP and NADP+ are reused in the light & dark reactions cycle. |
| Factors affecting photosynthesis | Light intensity, temperature, and carbon dioxide concentration |
| Cellular Respiration | the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups |
| Respiration reaction | Glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide, energy is released |
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 à 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy | (blank) |
| Anaerobic | describes a process that does not require oxygen |
| Aerobic | describes a process that requires oxygen |
| Glycolysis | the anaerobic breakdown of glucose pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP |
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