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BioExam3
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| Mary Mallon pg. 163 info | Typhoid Mary responsible for Typhoid outbreaks | |
| Typhoid | bacerial disease spread via food or water contaminated by sewage infected patient shed bacteria in feces/urine spread if infected preps food w/o washing hands | |
| Emerging disease pg. 166-167 info | new disease such as H1N1- Swine Flu H5N1- Avian Influenza SARS- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome NIAID lists: -18 emerging pathogens -5 reemerging pathogens (some due to increasing resistance to antibiotics) | |
| Summarize how a pathogen becomes resistant to an antibiotic. | it undergoes some sort of mutation or comes in contact with another organism; some are naturally resistant | |
| Explain thesignificance of XDR TB and MRSA. | Extensively Drug-Resistant TuBerculosis: only 4 cases Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: antibiotic-resistant bacterium..... These are both antibiotic-resistant and are very dangerous and highly contagious. | |
| PKU stands for... | Phenylketonuria | |
| What is PKU? | disorder in which the body ha a deficiency in the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) | |
| What is PAH? | Impo enzyme that the body need to properly metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine into the amino acid tyrosine. | |
| When phenylalanine not metabolized... | Accumulates in the body and is concerted into the compound phenylpyruvate | |
| Props of PKU... | Autosomal recessive, genetically acquired. | |
| Characteristics of PKU... | impaired brain development, mental retardation, and seizure disorders. | |
| "Treatment" for PKU... | Diet low on phenylalanine and prescribed protein supplements. | |
| List some AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE genetic disorders of interest. | Tay-Sachs Disease, Cystic Fibrosis (CF), Sickle-Cell Disease | |
| List some AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT genetic disorders of interest. | Marfan Syndrome, Huntington Disease | |
| Tay-Sachs Disease | lacks hex A lysosome enzyme (clears our fatty acid proteins that build up in cells of the brain; | |
| (T-S) Malfunctions in... [caused by fatty acid protein buildup] | vision, movement, hearing and overall mental development | |
| (T-S) Impairment leads to... | blindness, seizures and paralysis; affected children normally die by the age of 5 | |
| Cystic Fibrosis (CF) | due to a faulty protein that is supposed to regulate the flow of chloride ions into and out of cells through a channel protein; mucus accumulation in bronchial tubes and pancreatic ducts | |
| (CF) What is the nebulizer and what does it do? | tube/machine thing that delivers drugs in aerosol form to the bronchial passages (kind of like the machine that mom has for her asthma) | |
| Sickle-Cell Disease (S-C) | abnormal hemoglobin by one amino acid in the protein globin causes hemoglobin molecules to stack up and form insoluble rods that causes rbc to be sickle-shaped | |
| (S-C) Complications... | sickle-shaped cells can't pass along narrow capillary passageways, so they clog the vessels preventing adequate circulation | |
| (S-C) Results | Anemia, tissue damage, jaundice, joint pain, and gallstones; affected're also susceptible to many types of bacterial infections and have a higher incidence of stroke | |
| (S-C) Treatment Options... | blood transfusions and bone marrow transplants; most common: hydroxyurea--> considered most efective daily treatments for the reduction in sickle-cell-related anemia, joint pain, and tissue damage | |
| (S-C) What distinguishes S-C from the rest... | one of few auto-recessive disorders where heterozygote can express variations of recessive phenotype | |
| Marfan Syndrome (Marf) | caused by a defect in the production of an elastic connective tissue protein called fibrillin | |
| Where's fibrillin abundant? | in lense of eye; bones of limbs, figers, and ribs; and wall of aorta and the blood vessels. | |
| 1. Define: autosome, sex chromosome, homologous chromosome pair. | Autosome:any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes..... Sex Chrom:dets gender of human, XX female- XY male..... Homologous chrom pair: member of a pair of chroms that are alike and come together in synapsis during prophase of the 1st meiotic division | |
| 1. How many homologous pairs of chromosomes are in a human skin cell? | 23?? | |
| 2. Gene locus | The specific place on a chromosome where a gene is located. | |
| 2. Allele | Any one of the alternative forms of a given gene | |
| 2. Homozygous (homozygote) | structure similar in two or more species because of common ancestry..... or just like XX | |
| 2. Heterozygous (heterozygote) | possessing unlike alleles for a particular trait | |
| 2. Genotype | The specific allelic composition of a cell, either of the entire cell or more commonly for a certain gene or a set of genes. | |
| 2. Phenotype | The observable attributes of an organism. | |
| 2. Complete dominance | The situation in which one of the alleles influence the phenotype. | |
| 2. Incomplete dominance | The situation in which both alleles of a heterozygote influence the phenotype. | |
| 2. Codominance | The situation in which a heterozygote shows the phenotypic effects of both alleles fully & equally, (eg blood group antigens). | |
| 2. Recessive | An allele that is not expressed in the heterozygous condition. | |
| 2. Carrier | has recessive allele not expressed | |
| 2. Autosomal vs. X-linked | autosomal has to do with other than sex chrom while x-linked is sex-linked | |
| A woman with blood type A has one child with blood type O and one child with blood type B. Assuming that the kids had the same father, what are the genotype and phenotype of the dad | genotype: IBi; phenotype: type B | |
| Achondroplasia, a form of dwarfism, is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Two dwarfs, both of whom had one parent of normal height, marry and plan to have a child. What is the probability that their first child will be a dwarf? | 3/4 | |
| (CF)is autosomal recessive. Two carriers mate. a) What is the probability that their first child will have CF? b) Their first child is born and does have CF. The woman gets pregnant a 2nd time...what's the probability that this 2nd child'll be normal? | a.)1/4 b.)3/4 | |
| What's the SRY gene? | Sex-determining Region Y..... Production of a protein that makes the gonads of foetus develop into testis | |
| SRY gene... Where is it and what's it responsible for? | Region on Y chrom... Responsible for initiating male sex determination | |
| When during development is SRY gene impo? | During gestation period | |
| What happens when SRY gene's not there? | the gonads develop into ovaries | |
| Polydactylism details... | Where you've extra toes/fingers, is a dominant gene in humans | |
| Populations commonly affected by polydactylism? | Black people! | |
| Chances of offspring getting polydactylism? | (1 in every 500) most common abnormality at birth | |
| In which individuals (male or female) are X-linked recessive traits more common? Why? | Males..... A recessive allele on the X chromosome will always produce the trait in a male. | |
| Define evolution. | genetic change over time | |
| Can evolution happen in one individual? | No. | |
| Can evolution happen within a species or does it only occur when one species changes into another species? | it occurs when one species changes into another species | |
| Explain Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection | Survival of the fittest. You know this. | |
| What is "fitness"? | ability to reproduce and survive | |
| How does natural selection relate to evolution? | Natural selection leads to evolution | |
| In the 1950s and 1960s why was DDT specifically used? | as an insecticide for crops that were infecting people with disease | |
| What were some disadvantages to DDT use? | insects grew resistant to it and the food was getting "like" contaminated | |
| From a pedigree, know how to determine if a trait is autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, or X-linked recessive. | ||
| Red-green colorblindness | absence of the red or green retinal photoreceptors makes people have difficulty discriminating red and green hues | |
| What pops are commonly affected by rgcbn? | Caucasians | |
| What're the chances that offspring will get rgcbn? | males are more likely than females, unless females are carriers | |
| Hemophilia | group of bleeding disorders in which it takes a long time for the blood to clot. | |
| What pops are commonly affected by hemophilia? | everybody! | |
| What're the chances that offspring will get hemophilia? | daughters likely to get it from dads..... sons can get it too | |
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy | is caused by a defective gene for dystrophin (a protein in the muscles). However, it often occurs in people without a known family history of the condition. | |
| What pops are commonly affected by duchenne muscular dystrophy? | huh... males | |
| What're the chances that offspring will get duchenne muscular dystrophy? | like a 50/50-ish | |
| Fragile X syndrome | a genetic condition involving changes in part of the X chromosome | |
| What pops are commonly affected by fragile X syndrome? | boys of all races/ethnicities | |
| What're the chances that offspring will get fragile x syndrome? | males pass it to their daughters..... carrier females pass it to half of her kids | |
| Are there any Y-linked traits? | Yes | |
| If hairy ear rims is not an X-linked trait, what is the explanation for why the trait is found primarily in males? | It's a sex-limited trait?? | |
| Define pathogenic. | infective: able to cause disease | |
| Know and memorize the red blood cell membrane glycoproteins and genotypes associated with ABO blood types. | that ABO stuff | |
| What's polygenic inheritance? | An additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character. | |
| What're multifactorial disorders? | disorders influenced by the environment | |
| Lamarck’s explanation for the acquisition of characteristics | Lamarck’s explanation for the acquisition of characteristics... E.g.Giraffes stretching their necks to reach leaves high in trees | |
| Know evolutionary examples discussed: Darwin’s finches, industrial melanism, sickle cell anemia, chemical pesticide resistance, and bacterial antibiotic resistance. | Darwin's finches: their beaks were different wherever he went..... Melanism:like cats or rabbits(ANIMALS) that had melanin production stimulated at low temps, etc.... Sickle cell anemia: have sickle cell helps people in Africa not get malaria | |
| Review sickle cell anemia - e.g., what protein is abnormal? Where is this protein? What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes with respect to the alleles at this gene locus? Why is the sickle cell allele more frequent in some populations than others? | Protein Beta globin is abnormal..... on nucleotide sequence, 7th codon.....it has a homozygous recessive genotype (rr) and the phenotype is that it displays full sickle cell anemia.... it was advantageous to have it | |
| chemical vs. biological pesticides. | chemical: duh, chemicals like aerosols.... biological: like breeding predators to eat insects and not kill food | |
| Types of evidence which support the theory of evolution... | other types of evidence which support the theory of evolution: fossils, biogeography, homologous structures, vestigial structures, comparative embryology, biochemical evidence (DNA, chromosomes, and proteins). | |
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR), | PCR is used to amplify a specific region of a DNA strand (the DNA target) | |
| short tandem repeats (STRs), | are repeating sequences of 2-6 base pairs of DNA. They can also be used to study gene duplication or deletion. | |
| gel electrophoresis | is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge. | |
| uses for DNA fingerprinting, | Individual Identification..... Fighting Fraud..... Uncovering Inherited Diseases..... Mapping Genography | |
| where does the DNA come from | saliva, blood samples, a hair strand, genital fluids | |
| Also, how was DNA fingerprinting used to determine which adults were the parents of the children? How was it determined that the remains were Romanovs, and not from some other wealthy family? | they took cells from their bones... they had gold fillings | |
| probiotics? | live microorganisms proposed by some manufacturers as beneficial to the host organism. | |
| Why do we need some bacteria in our body? | They have functions like to aid in digestion in intestines | |
| Why is it called a prokaryotic cell? | from the Greek meaning before nuclei; prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus | |
| What structures do bacterial cells have, but human cells do not have? | A bacterial cell is a prokaryotic cell and doesn't have a nucleus and defined cellular structures. A human cell is a eukaryotic cell, has a nucleus, defined cell structure such as endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus and mitochondria | |
| What are antibiotics? What should they be used for, and how do they work?(Know the specific actions of penicillin and of tetracycline as examples.) | A bactericidal antibiotic kills the bacteria. Penicillin is a bactericidal. A bactericidal usually either interferes with the formation of the bacterium's cell wall or its cell contents...... Tetracycline:A bacteriostatic stops bacteria from multiplying. | |
| Know the basic structure of a bacterial cell. | Pili, Flagella, cell wall, plasma wall, periplasmic space, capsule, outer membrane, nucleoid, ribosomes, storage granules, endospore | |
| For MRSA, which people are most susceptible? How is it spread? | people in hospitals, peeps with already weakened immune sys, athletes who share equipment..... Spread via hand contact | |
| What is the basic structure of a virus? | (1) They have a DNA or RNA genome, and (2) they have a protein coat, or capsid, that protects this genome from the environment. | |
| What determines which cell will be the host for a virus? | are specific to cell they'll infect; infect cells with receptors | |
| Human behaviors that promote antibiotic resistance. | 1.) taking antibiotic inappropriately...2.) don't finish prescription...3.) may be antibiotics in food...4.)overuse of antibacterial products resistance | |
| Fungi | eukaryotic | |
| Protozoa | eukaryotic | |
| Prion | is protein, no DNA/RNA ... E.g. mad cow disease | |
| Virus | package of genetic material; could be DNA/RNA, some double/single-stranded DNA, some partly double and partly single-stranded; packaged in proteins | |
| where are prions found, how do abnormal prions seem to form, what diseases are caused by prions, how do prions get transmitted from individual to individual? (know of Scrapie and Kuru) | found in brain... protein folds into a new shape and loses original function... bovine spongiform encephalopathies (BSE) aka mad cow disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans... Spread by eating brain and nerve tissues from infected animals | |
| What is a latent infection? | infection that gets into host cell and just sits there | |
| What is budding? | a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on another one. | |
| Lysis | the breaking down of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic mechanisms that compromise its integrity. | |
| When the virus is active, what are the possible outcomes for the host cell? | 1) failed (abortive) infection 2) cell death (lytic infection) 3) Infection w out cell death (persistent infection) | |
| Describe the “life cycle” of a typical virus. | 1. Attachment... 2. Penetration... 3. Uncoating... 4. Replication... 5.Release... | |
| For the flu: which type of infectious agent is responsible? | Virus | |
| How do the symptoms of the flu differ from those of a cold? | flu has similar symptoms just more severe | |
| What is the purpose of the flu shot? How is it made? Does it always work? Why or why not? | purpose: build antibodies to fight flu... made with bit of the flu strands... doesn't always work bc can give flu or could not build up enough antibodies | |
| Who should NOT get the flu shot? | preggo women, peeps with allergies, peeps who're already sick | |
| What is hepatitis? … what are the various symptoms? | inflammation of liver... SYMPTOMS: bile, jaundice, dark urine, pale feces, helpls body digest fats | |
| what are some functions for the liver? What is bile? Where is it made, where does it work, what is its function? |
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rahndum23
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