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Chapter 28- Sex
Reproductive System for A&P II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reproductive system functions in | gamete production, storage, nourishment, and transport |
| Fertilization | fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote |
| Reproductive systems include | gonads (testes, ovaries), ducts, accessory glands & organs, and external genitalia |
| Males | Testes produce spermatozoa which is expelled from the body in semen during ejaculation |
| Females | Ovaries produce oocytes (immature ovum) which travels along uterine tube toward uterus |
| Sex hormones | androgens (males) and estrogens and progesterone (females) |
| Sex hormones play roles in | - the development and function of the reproductive system - sexual behavior and drives - the growth and development of many other organs and tissues |
| System of ducts | transport and store sperm, assist in their maturation, and convey them to the exterior (epididymus, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra) |
| Accessory sex glands | add secretions to semen (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands) |
| Supporting structures | scrotum (supports testes) and penis (delivers sperm into female reproductive tract) |
| General pathway of sperm | epididymus, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct |
| Accessory organs of the male reproductive system | seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, scrotal sac, and penis |
| Scrotum | - supporting structure for testes - located outside of the body - regulates temperature of the testes |
| Scrotum structure | - raphe (external median ridge) - scrotum septum (Internally divides scrotum into two sacs, each with a single testis) |
| Testes | - paired oval glands in the scrotum - develop near kidney and descent through inguinal canals near 7th month of fetal development |
| Testes structure | - tunica vaginalis partially covers testes - tunica albuginea is internal to tunica vaginalis and extends inward forming septa that divide testis into lobules - each of 200-300 lobules contain 1-3 seminiferous tubules |
| Spermatogenic cells | sperm-forming cells |
| Sertoli cells (sustenacular cells) | support cells |
| Leydig (interstitial) cells | secrete testosterone and are found in spaces between seminiferous tubules |
| Sperm production occurs in | the seminiferous tubules |
| Spermatogenesis | the sequence of events that produces sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes |
| The three processes of spermatogenesis | mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis |
| Spermiogenesis | the final stage of spermatogenesis, which sees the maturation of spermatids into mature, motile spermatozoa |
| Spermatogonia | - outermost cells in contact with the epithelial basal lamina - stem cells - replicate to retain a new stem cell and a dividing cell |
| Meiosis I | - DNA replication and crossing over - Tetrad formation – homologous chromosome pairs line up at metaphase plate - Chromosome pairs separate - Form secondary spermatocytes (haploid – n) |
| Meiosis II | - Single chromosomes line up at metaphase plate - Chromatids separate - Form four haploid spermatids |
| Spermatozoa (Sperm)- Head | - nucleus with 23 chromosomes - acrosome (vesicle filled with oocyte penetrating enzymes) |
| Spermatozoa (Sperm)- Tail | * Neck – contains centrioles forming microtubules that comprise remainder of tail * Middle piece – contains mitochondria * Principal piece – longest portion of tail * End piece – terminal, tapering portion of tail |
| Survival of sperm once ejaculated | Sperm do not survive more than 48 hours in female reproductive tract |
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone | stimulates gonadotropins in the anterior pituitary to increase their secretion of the two gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone |
| Luteinizing hormone | stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone | acts indirectly on spermatogenesis |
| Testosterone | stimulates male pattern of development of reproductive system ducts and descent of testes |
| Dihydrotestosterone | stimulates development of external genitalia |
| Ducts of testis | - Pressure generated by fluid secreted by Sertoli cells pushes fluid and sperm along lumen of seminiferous tubules - Fluid and sperm then enter straight tubules, rete testis, efferent ducts in epididymis and then ductus epididymis |
| Epididymus | - consists of tightly coiled ductus epididymus - continues as ductus (vas) deferens |
| Ductus (vas) deferens | - conveys sperm during sexual arousal through peristaltic contractions - can also store sperm several months |
| Spermatic cord | - ascends out of the scrotum - consists of ductus deferens as it ascends through scrotum, testicular artery, veins that drain testes and carry testosterone, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels, and cremaster muscle |
| Ejaculatory ducts | - formed by union of duct from seminal vesicle and ampulla of ductus deferens - terminate in prostatic urethra - eject sperm and seminal vesicle secretions just before release of semen into urethra |
| Urethra | - shared terminal duct of reproductive and urinary systems - subdivided into prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy (penile) urethra - ends at external urethral orifice |
| Seminal vesicles | - contribute about 60% of semen volume - secrete alkaline, viscous fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins |
| Prostate | - contribute about 25% of semen volume - secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid containing citric acid, several proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphatase, seminal plasmin (antibiotic) |
| Bulbourethral glands | - secrete alkaline fluid that protects passing sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in urethra - mucus lubricates end of penis and lining of urethra |
| Composition of Semen | - Mixture of sperm and seminal fluid - Typical volume 2.5-5 mL with 50-150 million sperm/mL - Slightly alkaline pH of 7.2-7.7 due to seminal vesicle secretions |
| Semen | - Provides transport medium, nutrients, and protection - Coagulates after ejaculation due to clotting proteins |
| Penis | - passageway for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine - male copulatory organ |
| Structure of Penis | * dorsal masses- corpora cavernosa penis * ventral masses- corpus spongiosum penis * erectile tissue- skin and subcutaneous layer around masses * glans penis- terminal opening is external urethral orifice |
| Erection | - enlargement and stiffening of penis upon sexual arousal - parasympathetic stimulation results in blood vessel dilation - vessels fill with blood resulting erection |
| Ejaculation | - powerful release of semen from urethra to the exterior - sympathetic refles (urinary smooth muscle prevents urine from entering urethra & prevents semen from entering bladder) |
| Emission | the discharge of a small volume of semen before ejaculation |
| Ovaries | - paired glands homologous to the testes - produce gametes and hormones (progesterone, estrogens, inhibin, and relaxin) |
| Ligaments that hold ovaries in place | broad ligament, ovarian ligament, and suspensory ligament |
| Broad ligament | - a fold of the parietal peritoneum - attaches to the ovaries by a double-layered fold of peritoneum called mesovarium |
| Ovarian ligament | anchors the ovaries to the uterus |
| Suspensory ligament | attaches ovaries to pelvic wall |
| Germinal epithelium | covers surface of ovary |
| Tunica albuginea | a whitish capsule of dense irregular connective tissue located immediately deep to the germinal epithelium |
| Ovarian cortex | consists of ovarian follicles surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue that contains collagen fibers and fibroblast-like cells called stromal cells |
| Ovarian medulla | contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves |
| Ovarian follicles | in cortex and consist of oocytes in various stages of development |
| Mature (graafian) follicle | large, fluid-filled follicle ready to expel secondary oocyte during ovulation |
| Corpus luteum | - remnants of mature follicle after ovulation - produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates into corpus albicans |
| Oogenesis | the formation of gametes in the ovaries |
| Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes/ Oviducts | - provide a route for sperm to reach an ovum - transport secondary oocytes and fertilized ova from ovaries to uterus |
| Structure of Fallopian Tubes | * infundibulum- the funnel-shaped portion of each tube that ends in finger-like fimbriae * ampulla- widest longest portion, making up about the lateral two-thirds of its length * isthmus- joins the uterus |
| Histology of the Fallopian Tubes | * mucosa- ciliary conveyor belt; consist of peg cells that provide nutrition to ovum * muscularis- peristaltic contractions * serosa- outer layer |
| Anatomy of the Uterus | - fundus, body, isthmus, and cervix - ligaments maintain position- broad, uterosacral, cardinal, and round |
| Layers of the Uterus | * perimetrium- outer layer that is part of the visceral peritoneum * myometrium- three layers of smooth muscle * endometrium- inner lauer that is highly vascularized |
| Stratum functionalis | lines endometrium cavity and sloughs off during menstruation |
| Stratum basalis | permanent and gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation |
| Blood supply to the uterus | uterine arteries, arcuate arteries, and radial arteries |
| Cervical mucus | produced by secretory cells of cervix mucosa |
| Vagina | - fibromuscular canal extending from exterior of body to uterine cervix - functions as the female copulatory organ, birth canal, and exit for menstrual flow |
| Histology of the vagina | * mucosa- continuous with uterine mucosa * muscularis- 2 layers of smooth muscle * adventitia- anchors vagina to adjacent organs |
| Hymen | forms border around and partially closes vaginal orifice |
| Mons pubis | cushions pubic symphysis |
| Labia majora | homologous to scrotum |
| Labia minora | homologous to spongy (penile) urethra |
| Clitoris | - 2 small erectile bones and numerous nerves and blood vessels - homologous to glans penis |
| Vestibule | region between labia minora |
| Bulb of the vestibule | elongates masses of erectile tissue on either side of vaginal orifice |
| Perineum | - diamond-shaped area medial to thighs and buttocks of male and females - contains external genitalia and anus |
| Breast | hemispheric projection of variable size anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles and attached to them by a layer of fascia composed of dense irregular connective tissue |
| Lactiferous ducts | a series of closely spaced openings of ducts in the nipples |
| Areola | pigmented area of skin surrounding the nipple |
| Mammary gland | modified sudoriferous (apocrine) gland that produces milk |
| Ovarian cycle | series of events in ovaries that occur during and after maturation of oocyte |
| Menstrual cycle | concurrent series of changes in uterine endometrium preparing it for arrival of fertilized ovum |
| Steps in the ovarian cycle | - formation of primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles - ovulation - formation and degeneration of the corpus luteum - degradation of the corpus luteum |
| Uterine cycle | - repeating series of changes in the endometrium Estrogens |
| Estrogens | - secreted by ovarian follicles - promote development and maintenance of female reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics - increase protein anabolism including building strong bones - lower blood cholesterol |
| Progesterone | - secreted mainly by corpus luteum - works with estrogens to prepare and maintain endometrium for implantation and mammary glands for milk production |
| Relaxin | - produced by corpus luteum - relaxed uterus by inhibiting contraction of myometrium - at end of pregnancy, increases flexibility of pubic symphysis and dilates uterine cervix |
| Inhibin | - secreted by granulosa cells of growing follicles and by corpus luteum |
| Female Reproductive Tract | * duration- ranges from 24-35 days (assume 28) * phases- menstrual, preovulatory, ovulation, postovulatory, premenstrual |
| Arousal | leads to erection of the penis in males and clitoral erection in females |
| Emission and ejaculation | results in semen being pushed toward external urethral opening |
| Detumescence | - subsidence of erection - mediated by the sympathetic nervous system |
| Menopause | the time that ovulation and menstruation cease (typically around 45-55 years old) - Decline in circulating estrogen and progesterone - Ride in GnRH, FSH, and LH |
| Male Climacteric | - levels of circulating testosterone begin to decline - FSH and LH levels rise - gradual reduction in sexual activity |
Created by:
ariellebtan
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