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Biomidterm 1-5,11,13
My half of bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| biology | the study of life |
| Biologists | scientists who study the diversity of life |
| Characteristics of living things | orderly structure, produce offspring, grow and develop, adjust to changes in environment |
| stimulus | anything in the organism's internal or external environment that causes it to react |
| Response | reaction to a stimulus |
| homeostasis | regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for its' survival |
| hypothesis | explanation for a question or problem that can be formally tested |
| experiment | investigation that tests hypothesis by the process of collecting data under controlled environment |
| independent variable | condition in an experiment that is tested |
| dependent variable | condition that is changed because of the changes on the independent variable |
| control | standard against which results are compared |
| theory | explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different investigations and observations |
| quantitative data | numerical data |
| qualitive data | written dsecriptions |
| ethics | moral values or principles held by humans |
| technology | application of scientific research to society's needs and problems |
| abiotic factors | nonliving parts of an organism's habitat |
| biotic factors | all of the living organisms that inhabit an environment |
| population | group of organisms of the same species that interbreed and live in the same area at the same time |
| biological community | interactiong populations in a certain area at a certain time |
| ecosystem | interacting populations in a biological community and the community of abiotic factors |
| habitat | place where an organisms |
| niche | what an organism does to live ( ie - it's job) |
| autotroph | organism that uses light energy or energy stored in chemical compounds to make energy rich compounds |
| heterotroph | organism that cannot make its' own food and geeds on others organisms |
| herbivore | heterotroph that only eats plants |
| carnivore | heterotroph that eats other heterotrophs |
| omnivore | organisms that eats plants and other heterotrophs |
| scavenger | feeds on dead animals and garbage |
| decomposer | organism that breaks down complex compounds of dead and dying organisms |
| food chain | shows one way that matter and energu move through an ecosystem |
| food web | shows all the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in the community |
| energy pyramid | each level represents the energy availible within that trophic level |
| Carbon Cycle | energy from the sun is used by autotrophic organisms to make carbon dioxide to carbon molecules by photosynthesis. Then the autotrophs and heterotrophs use the carbon molecules and release the energy. The carbon is released into the atmosphere |
| primary succession | the colonizations of barren land by communities of organisms |
| secondary succession | the sequence of chanfes that takes place after an existing community is severely disrupted in some way |
| limiting factors | any abiotic or biotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms |
| carrying capacity | the number of organisms of one species that an environment can support indefinitely |
| biological diversity | the variety of life in an area; usually measured as the number of species that live in an area |
| zones of tolerance | the ability of an organism to withstand fluctuations in the biotic and abiotic environmental factors |
| climax community | stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species |
| demography | the study of human population size, density and distribution, movemnet, and its' birth and death rates |
| density dependent factors | factors that have an incresing effect as the population increases |
| density independent factors | factors that affect populations regardless of their size |
| emigration | when individuals move out of an area |
| immigration | when individuals move into an area |
| slow life history | reproduce slowly with longer life spans |
| rapid life history | reproduce fast with short life spans |
| exponential population growth | as the population gets larger, it also grows at a faster rate |
| major threats to biodiversity | habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, edge effect, habitat degradation, water pollution, land pollution, exotic species |
| focus of conservation biology | trying to protect biodiversity |
| high diversity | different types of species |
| large population | a lot of organisms of one population |
| land size on population | populations need enough space to survive |
| replication | Replication- Separation of the strands, enzymes cut the hydrogen bonds. Bases pair up, then the nitrogen bases bind together. The sugar and phosphate group backbone connects to the New DNA strands. This happens in the nucleus. |
| transcription | - a segment of DNA is unzipped, then the RNA nucleotides come in to attach themselves to the DNA. Once that has happened, the RNA’s sugar and phosphate group binds to the RNA nitrogen bases. The RNA part breaks away from the DNA, and exits the cell. |
| translation | The RNA travels out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Then a ribosme, made out of rRNA attaches to the mRNA. The rRNA reads the mRNA and tells the tRNA what amino acid to bring. This occurs until the ribosome reads the stop codon. |
| structure of DNA | A nucleotide is made up of a nitrogen base, a simple sugar, and a phosphate group. Hydrogen bonds connect the nitrogen bases, and the simple sugars and phosphate groups are connected by covalent bonds. |
| binding bases | The nitrogen bases are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil. A bonds with T or U, depending on whether it’s coding for DNA or RNA. These bases are bonded with double hydrogen bonds. C and G always bond together with triple bonds |
| pyrmidines and purines | . Pyrimidines are T, C, and U. Pyrmidines are surrounded by a single ring. Purines are A and G, and are surrounded by double rings. |
| make up of ribomes | rRNA and protein |
| defferent mutations of DNA | DNA mutations- point mutations and frameshift mutations. Point mutations are when one letter in the DNA sequence is replaced. Frameshift mutations are when a nitrogen base is added or subtracted from the DNA sequence. |
| different mutations of chromosomes | inversion, deletion, translocation, insertion |
| mutations in somatic and reproductive cells | Mutations is somatic cells only affect the individual, while mutations in Reproductive cells can harm the person, offspring, and the F1 generation’s offspring, and so on. |
| mutagen | A mutagen is any agent that can cause a change in a DNA sequence. |
| codon | A codon is a is a group of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA code that codes for one amino acid. |
| what are proteins made of? | amino acids and peptide bonds |
| applications of DNA technology | DNA technology can be used to make cheese, pulp and paper products, pituitary dwarfish, diabetes, clotting protein in sheep’s milk, corn, broccoli, cotton, and potatoes to be resistant to bugs and disease. Protein to help people with emphysema. |
| gene therapy | Gene therapy is the insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders. |
| DNA fingerprinting | Takes the fingerprints of people since no one’s thumb prints are exactly alike |
| genetic engineering | Gene engineering is a method used for increasing the frequency of a specific allele in a population. |
| restriction enzymes | cut a specific part of DNA |
| gel electrophoresis | helps identify the genes on the gel. |
| recombinant DNA | Recombinant DNA is a DNA that is made by connecting fragments of DNA from different sources. Recombinant DNA is being used to make transgenic organisms. |
| PCR | PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction. PCR is a method that is used to replicate DNA outside of living organisms. |
| DNA palindrome | Palindromes are sequence of DNA that if you read them in opposite directions, they are the same. Palindromes are important because they are cleaved to insert a piece of DNA. |
| transgenic organism | Transgenic organisms are organism that contain functional recombinant DNA from an organism of a different genus. The first step is that the restriction enzymes cleave the DNA. The DNA is attached to a vector, which takes the DNA to the host organism. |
| human genome project | The human genome project is an international effort that is trying to sequence the chromosomal DNA of the human gene. The HGR is using PCR to replicate and identify the genes. |
| chromosme and gene number in humans | 46 chromosomes and about 35,000 to 40,000 genes. |
| test cross | A test cross is a cross of an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual of known genotype. They are used to determine the genotype of the unknown individual. |
| how do you set up a test cross | You set up a test cross by mating a homozygous recessive individual with the individual of unknown genotype |
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alliegatorwang
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