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res/disgestive kapla
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the process involved in supplying the body with O2 and disposing of CO2 | respiration |
| drawing air into lungs | inspiration |
| drawing air out of the lungs | expiration |
| what extends from external to internal nares; it's lined by membranes that help to condition air we breathe | nasal cavity |
| its a muscular tube containing the nasopharynx, oropharnyx, and laryngopharynx, a muscular tube | Pharynx |
| cartilaginous organ located between the trachea and the pharynx; voice box, contains the vocal chords | larnyx |
| windpipe, cartilage-reinforced tube extending from larynx to bronchi | trachea |
| a passage of airway that conducts air into the lungs | bronchi |
| an atatomic complex of the trachea and bronchi | bronchial tree |
| are final branching of the respiratory tree and act as the primary gas exchange units of the lung. | alveoli |
| microscopic air sacs of the lungs | alveoli |
| the chamber of the human body that is protected by the thoracic wall | thoracic cavity |
| this is a double layered serous membrane found in the thoracic cavity | pleural membrane |
| outer most serous membrane layer | parietal pleura |
| inner most serous membrane layer | visceral pleura |
| this is stored in the gallbladder, secreted by the liver, released into the small intestine | bile |
| pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine. consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food | chyme |
| tissue of the serous membrane | serosa |
| wavelike contractions that move food stuffs through the alimentary tube organs | peristalsis |
| sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in the body cells | metabolism |
| enzyme capable of digesting proteins in an acid pH | pepsin |
| mechanical process of breaking down food stuffs to substances that can be absorbed | chemical digestion |
| is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation or cleavage of fats (lipids) | lipase |
| digestive system enzyme that breaks down starchy foods | amylase |
| sac beneath the right lobe of the liver used for bile storage | gall bladder |
| lobed accessory organ that overlies the stomach; produces bile to help digest fat, and serves other metabolic and regulatory functions | liver |
| is a tube like anatomic structure in the human GI tract, it is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct | common bile duct |
| yellow pigment of bile | bilirubin |
| is a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment. it is the pigment responsible for a greenish color sometimes seen in bruises | bilivirdin |
| any secreting cell lining an acinus | acinar cells |
| the gland behind the stomach that produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions | pancreas |
| these aid in the absorption of certain foods components such as fats, and prevent the absorption of others, such as toxins, produced in the liver | bile salts |
| 1st section of the small intestine | duodenum |
| part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum | jejunum |
| terminal part of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the cecum of the large intestine | ileum |
| valve of the distal end of the stomach that controls food entry into the duodenum | pyloric sphincter |
| Gen Funcn. of digestive sys. in mouth | ingestion |
| Gen Funcn. of digestive sys. chewing of food, churning in stomach, segmentation in small intestine | Mechanical digestion |
| Gen Funcn. of digestive sys. used both in stomach and small intestine | chemical digestion |
| Gen Funcn. of digestive sys. swallowing in the pharynx, peristalsis in esophagus, stomach, Sm & Lrg, intestine | propultion |
| Gen Funcn. of digestive sys. nutrient absorption into blood, in lrg intestines, water absorption | absorbtion |
| Gen Funcn. of digestive sys. feces via rectum | defecation |
| innermost layer of the alimentary canal contains 3 layers. lamina propria, surface epi, muscularis internae | Mucosa |
| this layer of the alimentary canal contains pathways for blood, nerves, and lymph vessels | submucosa |
| this layer of the alimentary canal is thicker than the muscularis internae, provides for peristalsis, has 2-3 sub layers, and consists of smooth muscle | muscularis externae |
| outer most layer of the alimentary canal | serosa |
| name the pathway of the alimentary canal? | mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus |
| name a accessory organ | salivary glands (3 sets) |
| name a accessory organ | liver |
| name a accessory organ | gall bladder |
| name a accessory organ | pancreas |
| the function of the liver involves chemical alteration of drugs and nitrogenous wastes and removes microbes by Kuppfer cells and other WBC's | Detoxification of hepatic portal blood |
| this function of liver converts glucose/glycogen | Carbohydrate metabolism |
| this function of liver stores glucose and has a coordinated function with the pancreas to release it to regulate concentration in the blood | Carbohydrate metabolism |
| this function of the liver produces clotting factors and albumin is synthesized | Protein synthesis |
| this function of the liver synthesis of triglycerdes | Lipid metabolism |
| this function of the liver excretes excess bile and cholesterol | Lipid metabolism |
| this function of the liver produces bile salts and removes bilirubin, and bilivirdin from the blood | production and secretion of bile |
| secretions of the digestive tract mucous, salivary amylase, lysozymes, | mouth |
| secretions of the digestive tract mucous | esophagus |
| secretions of the digestive tract (pH 1-3) mucous, HCL, Pepsin, all of these plus food=chyme | stomach |
| secretions of the digestive tract bile, bile salts, bile pigments | Liver |
| secretions of the digestive tract Bicarbonate buffer secrets lots of enzymes. | pancreas |
| pancreatic amylase | fats |
| pancreatic lipase | fats |
| chymotrypsin | proteins |
| trypsin | proteins |
| ribonuclease | RNA |
| deoxyribonuclease | DNA |
| secretions of the digestive tract produce mucous, secrets brush-border enzymes main organ of absorption | small intestine |
| secretions of the digestive tract mucous, absorbs water, salts, vitamins, | large intestine |
| secretions of the digestive tract last stage of digestion is preformed by E. coli, which secrets vitamins. | large intestine |
| the rippling motion of muscles in the digestive tract. this motion mixes food with gastric juices turning them into thin liquid | Peristalsis |
| phases of digestion function-prepares stomach for the arrival of food | Cephalic Phase |
| Phase of digestion Duration-short (minutes) | Cephalic Phase |
| Phase of digestion Mechanism-neutral via preganglionic fibers in vagus nerve and synapse in submucosal plexus | Cephalic Phase |
| Phases of digestion Actions-primary, stimulation of mucus, enzyme, and acid production, leading to increased volume of gastric juice | Cephalic Phase |
| phase of digestion secondary:stimulation of gastrin release by G cells | Cephalic Phase |
| phase of digestion functions: enhance secretions started in cephalic stage, homogenize and acidify chyme initiate digestion of proteins by pepsin | Gastric phase |
| Phase of digestion duration - long (3-4) hours | Gastric Phase |
| Phase of digestion mechanisms - short reflexes triggered by stimulation of stretch receptors and chemorepectors as stomach fills and pH increases | Gastric Phase |
| Phase of digestion Hormonal-stimulation of gastrin. released by G cells and through the parasym Ner. Sys. | Gastric Phase |
| Phase of digestion Local-release of histamine by mast cells as stomach fills | Gastric Phase |
| Phase of digestion Actions-Increased acid and pepsinogen production. increased motility and initiation of mixing waves | Gastric Phase |
| Phase of digestion Function: control rate of chyme entry into duodenum | Intestinal Phase |
| Phase of digestion Duration: long (hours) | Intestinal Phase |
| Phase of digestion Mechanism-Neural short reflexes triggered by distention of duodenum | Intestinal Phase |
| Phase of digestion Primary: Stimulation of CCK, GIP, and secretion release by presence of acid, carbs, and lipids | Intestinal Phase |
| Phase of digestion Secondary: release of gastrin stimulated by undigested proteins and peptides | Intestinal Phase |
| Phase of digestion Actions: Feedback of inhibition of gastric acid and pepsinogen production, gastric motility | Intestinal Phase |
| Enterogastric Reflex: Chyme enters the duodenum, if there are a lot of fats, it will cause distention | 1st step of Enterogastric Reflex |
| Enterogastric Reflex: Stretch receptors are stimulated because of distention, | 2nd step of Enterogastric Reflex |
| Enterogastric Reflex: Sensory neuron senses stretch receptor and carries nerve impulse to brain | 3rd step of Enterogastric Reflex |
| Enterogastric Reflex: Nerve impulse arriving at brain will result in inhibition of the Vagus nerve | 4th step of Enterogastric Reflex |
| Enterogastric Reflex: Inhibition of the vagus nerve causes motility of the stomach and small intestine to be reduced | 5th step of Enterogastric Reflex |
| Enterogastric Reflex: Rate of emptying is reduced to allow more time for enzymes to work on bolus of fatty chyme | 6th step of Enterogastric Reflex |
| Enterogastric Phase: As bolus is reduced, it moves along the duodenum, distention is decreased, and stomach motility resumes | 7th step of Enterogastric Reflex |
| General Functions of the respiratory system | Take up O2 |
| General Functions of the respiratory system | Release CO2 |
| General Functions of the respiratory system | Regulation of H ion concentration Keeps pH 7.35-7.45 |
| General Functions of the respiratory system | Warm, filter and humidify air we breath |
| extends from external to internal nares | Nasal Cavity |
| lined by membranes that help to condition the air we breathe | nasal Cavity |
| contains Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Larygopharynx | Pharynx |
| the narrowest point at back of nasal cavity | Internal Nares |
| contains voice box and vocal chords | Larynx |
| contains single tube kept open by C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage | Trachea |
| contains 1st 3 branches primary, secondary, tertiary | Bronchial Tree |
| contains last 3 branches terminal, respiratory,alveolar duct. | Bronchial Tree |
| contains 5 lobes, three on right, two on left, composed of 300 million alveoli | soft tissues of the lungs |
| Nerve impulses from Res. center in medulla stimulate muscles of diaphragm to contract | 1st step of inspiration |
| Bell-shaped diaphragm moves downward and enlarges the thoracic cavity | 2nd step of inspiration |
| Intercostal muscles contract and raise ribs which further enlarge cavity | 3rd step of inspiration |
| intra-alveolar pressure decreases inside lungs | 4th step of inspiration |
| Air flows into lungs and equalize the pressure | 5th step of inspiration |
| elastic tissue within lungs stretch while lungs inflate | 6th step of inspiration |
| Diaphragm and other muscles relax | 1st step of expiration |
| elastic tissues of lungs recoil | 2nd step of expiration |
| intra-alveolar pressure increases | 3rd step of expiration |
| Air moves down pressure gradient and out of body | 4th step of expiration |
| inspiration causes the pressure inside the lungs to decrease to 758mmHg | ventilation |
| expiration causes the pressure inside the lungs to increase to 762mmHg | ventilation |
| 1/2 liter of air in/out is considered to normal tidal volume | ventilation |
| Alveolar-Capillary membrane: simple squamous epi | Alveolar wall |
| Alveolar-Capillary membrane: basal lamina to help cells attach and hold their position | Alveolar wall |
| Alveolar-Capillary membrane: a basal lamina fused with the basal lamina in the alveolar walls | Capillary walls |
| Alveolar-Capillary membrane: CO2 in the pulmonary arterioles/capillaries diffuses into alveolus | Alveolar-Capillary membrane: |
| O2 in the alveolus diffuses into pulmonary venules/capillaries | Alveolar-Capillary membrane: |
| 3% transported in blood plasma as a dissolved gas | O2 |
| 97% is bound to the "hem" portion of the hemoglobin (protein in RBC) | O2 |
| 7% is transported in blood plasma as dissolved gas | CO2 |
| 23% is bound to the "goblin" portion of Hemoglobin (protein in RBC) | CO2 |
| 70% is dissolved in plasma as the bicarbonate ion | CO2 |
| chemical alternation of drugs and nitrogenous wastes | Detoxifcation of blood |
| conversation of glucose/glycogen | carbohydrate metabolism |
| clotting factors are produced | protein Synthesis |
| synthesis of triglycerides | Lipid Metabolism |
| production of bile salts | Production/secretion of bile |
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