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AP Bio E./Behavior
Chapters 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, and 56
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Agonistic behavior | A ritualized contest in which the winner receives resources (food, spaces, mates, etc.) |
| Altruism | Benefits another organism at cost to itself |
| Associative learning | Associating one stimulus with a result |
| Behavior | An action carried out by the muscles or glands under control of the nervous system in response to a stimulus |
| Classical conditioning | Arbitrary stimulus connected with an outcome |
| Cognitive map | More advanced form of spatial learning involving object's positions to each other |
| Communication | Transmission, reception, and response to signals |
| Fixed action pattern (FAP) | Series of unlearned acts that is usually carried to completion in response to a simple stiumulus |
| Foraging | The act of looking for food |
| Habituation | Loss of responsiveness to stimuli that carry no new information, allows animal to focus on relevant stimuli |
| Imprinting | Long lasting response to a particular individual/object with both learned and innate components |
| Inclusive fitness | The sum of its reproductive fitness and the number of relatives offspring it can add to population by supporting others |
| Innate bheavior | Behavior that is the same regardless of environment |
| Kin selection | Gene causes an organism to behave to reduce its own fitness, but increase the fitness of relatives (who share its genes) |
| Kinesis | Change in activity in response to a stimulus |
| Mate chioce | How an individual chooses their mate, can be by male or female |
| Monogamous | 1 male, 1 female |
| Operant conditioning | Associate a behavior with reward/punishment that changes the behavior's frequency |
| Optimal foraging model | The basis for analyzing behavior as a compromise between feeding costs and feeding benefits |
| Pheromone | Chemical substances used to communicate |
| Polyandry | 1 female, many males |
| Polygamous | 1 of one gender, many of the other |
| Polygyny | 1 male, many females |
| Promiscuous | No lasting relationship in mating |
| Proximate question | What physically causes the behavior? |
| Reciprocal altruism | Altruistic behavior between unrelated individuals whereby the altruistic individual benefits later when the beneficiary recipricates |
| Sensitive peiod | The optimum time for imprinting |
| Sign stimulus | Simple stimulus that stimulates a fixed action pattern |
| Signal | Stimulus transmitted from one animal to another |
| Social learning | Modification of behavior based on observations of others |
| Sociobiology | The study of social behavior based on evolutionary theory |
| Spatial learning | Establishment of a memory that reflects the environment's spacial structure |
| Taxis | Movement towards/away from a stimulus |
| Ultimate question | How does the behavior benefit the organism? |
| Abiotic | Not living |
| Abyssal zone | Zone of the ocean almost at the bottom |
| Aphotic zone | Little light penetrates |
| Benthos | The community of organism that live in the benthic zone, the very bottom of the ocean |
| Biome | Community of plants and animals living together in a certain climate |
| Biosphere | Global sum of all of the ecosystems on Earth |
| Climate | The various biotic and abiotic factors that define a region |
| Climograph | A graph displaying various facets of an area's climate |
| Community | A group of living things and their interactions |
| Community ecology | The study of how communities interact with their environment |
| Detritus | Non-living, decaying organic matter |
| Ecology | The study of interactions between organisms and their environment |
| Ecosystem | A community of organisms and the non-living things also in the area |
| Ecosystem ecology | The integrated study of biotic and abiotic factors and how they influence the structure of the ecosystem |
| Estruary | A partially enclosed body of water with open water access and one or more streams/rivers flowing into it |
| Eutrophic lake | Nutrient rich, O2 poor |
| Oligotrophic lake | Nutrient poor, O2 rich |
| Photic zone | Zone in which light is available for photosynthesis |
| Population | A group of organisms of the same species |
| Species | Organisms that can reproduce together and produce viable, fertile offspring |
| Age structure pyramid | A diagram showing the gender and ages of the individuals in a population |
| Big-bang reproduction | Semelparity, produces all of its offspring at once |
| Carrying capacity | The number of individuals an area can sustain |
| Cohort | The groups used for demographic data, usually based on age |
| Demographic transitition | The transition from high birth/high death rates to low birth/low death rates |
| Demography | The study of vital statistics of a population and how they change overtime |
| Density dependent | K-selected, limited resources |
| Density indepedent | R-selected, unlimited resources |
| Disperison | The pattern of animals in their environment |
| Ecological footprint | The area required by an individual or nation to produce all of its resources and dispose of all of its waste |
| Emigration | Moving to a place |
| Exponential population | Population grows without limits |
| Immigration | Moving from a place |
| Infant mortality | The rate at which infants die |
| Iteroparity | Repeated reproductive opportunities |
| K-selection | Species subjected to a carrying capacity |
| Life expectancy at birth | How long an organism is expected to live when it is born as based on data from the species |
| Life history | When an organism starts reproducing, how often, how many |
| Life table | Follows a cohort from birth to death to determine the death rate at various ages |
| Logistic population growth | Population grows with limits such as space, food, etc. (S shape) |
| Mark-recapture method | A method for determining the number of individuals in a population by using proportions of marked individuals |
| Population | A group of individuals of the same species living in an a community |
| Population ecology | The study of how populations interact with their environments |
| Reproductive table | A table that shows ages, reproductive rates, and number of offspring |
| R-selection | Exponential growth (Population grows at max rate, r) |
| Semelparity | 1 reproductive opportunity before death |
| Survivorship curve | A graph showing how the age of an organism affects how many of them there are |
| Territoriality | Occurs when an organism is defensive about its territory |
| Zero population growth | Immigration rate equals emigration rate |
| Aposematic coloration | Warning coloration |
| Batesian mimicry | Harmless species mimics harmful |
| Biomass | Mass of living organisms |
| Bottom-up model | The herbivores in an ecosystem control the other species |
| Character displacement | Species that are sympatric tend to diverge more than allopatric |
| Coevolution | Evolution that occurs because of another species' evolution |
| Commensalism | One species benefits, other is unchanged |
| Community | A group of living things and their interactions |
| Competitive exclusion principle | No 2 species can occupy the same niche |
| Cryptic coloration | Camoflage |
| Distrubance | An event that devastates an ecosystem paving the way for succession |
| Dominant species | The most abundant species in the community |
| Ecological niche | The area and resources that a species uses/lives in |
| Ecological succession | Changes in a community that are noticeable after a disturbance |
| Ectoparasite | A parasite that lives on the outside of the host |
| Endoparasite | A parasite that lives on the inside of the host |
| Evapotranspiration | The sum of the evaporation and plant transpiration from the earth to the atmosphere |
| Food chain | Path of food energy through a community |
| Food web | A collection of more than 1 food chain |
| Herbivory | Herbivore eats part of a plant |
| Host | An organism that harbors a parasite |
| Interspecific interaction | Interactions with another species |
| Interspecific competition | Competition with another species |
| Invasive species | A non-native species in a community that could cause harm to the structure of the community |
| Keystone species | Species with strong control over community structure |
| Mullerian mimicry | Groups of species look similar sharing the benefit of aposematic conditions |
| Mutalism | Both species benefit |
| Parasite | An organism that depends on its host for nutrition |
| Parasitism | One organism derives its nutrition from another |
| Pathogen | A microorganism that can cause disease to its host |
| Predation | One species eats the other |
| Primary succession | Ecological succession that starts with rocks |
| Relative abundance | How rare/common a species is in a community with relation to the abundancy of other species |
| Resources paritioning | When species adapt their niche to avoid competition |
| Secondary succession | Ecological succession that starts with dirt |
| Species diversity | The number of species represented in an area with respect to density |
| Species ricness | A count of the number of species in an area |
| Species-area curve | Shows the relationship between the number of species and the area of an environmnent |
| Top-down model | Prediation controls ecosystem |
| Trophic structure | Feeding relationships between organisms |
| Actual evapotranspiration | Actual amount of water returned to atmosphere from evaporation and transpiration |
| Biogeochemical cycle | A cycle of elements in living things that are necessary for life to occur |
| Biological magnification | The principle that states that toxins will be more concentrated in higher trophic levels |
| Critical load | Amount of a nutrient that can be absorbed by plants before it damages an ecosytem |
| Decomposer | Organisms that consume dead, decaying matter and return its nutrients to the community |
| Detritivore | Decomposer |
| Detritus | The dead decaying matter in a community |
| Ecosystem | A community of living organisms and the abiotic factors that affect them |
| Eutrophication | Water systems receive nutrients that trigger plant growth |
| Greenhouse effect | Retaining heat with solar radiation due to greenhouse gases |
| Gross primary production | Amount of light energy converted per unit time |
| Limiting nutrient | The nutrient that limits the growth of an organism or ecosystem |
| Net primary production | Amount of energy available to consumers |
| Primary consumer | 2nd level of trophic structure, uses primary producer for energy (herbivore) |
| Primary producer | 1st level of trophic structure, can produce own energy (photosynthetic or other) |
| Primary production | Amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs |
| Production efficiency | The proportion of energy used for new biomass to the amount of energy used for growth, reproduction, and respiration |
| Secondary consumer | 3rd level of trophic structure, eats primary consumer for energy (carnivore) |
| Secondary production | Amount of chemical energy converted into own new biomass |
| Tertiary consumer | 4th level of trophic structure, eats secondary consumer for energy (carnivore) |
| Trophic efficiency | Percent of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next |
| Biodiversity hot spot | A small area where many different types of species live |
| Biological augmentation | An approach to restoration ecology that uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem |
| Bioremediation | The use of organisms to detoxify an ecosystem |
| Conservation biology | The integrated study of many facets of biology to maintain biodiversity at all levels |
| Ecosystem services | A service provided by an ecosystem that benefits humans |
| Effective population size | An estimate of population size based on the number of males and females that can breed |
| Endangered species | Species that are in danger of becoming extinct |
| Extinction vortex | The concept that once a species begins towards extinction, it is extremely fast |
| Introduced species | A non native species that is introduced into an ecosystem |
| Landscape ecology | The study of how spatial relationships affect the species living in an area |
| Minimum viable population | The smallest population that can sustain itself geneticially |
| Movement corridor | A small area of land where a species can move from one community to the next |
| Population viability analysis | An analysis of how viable a population is to sustain itself |
| Restoration ecology | Trying to return damaged ecosystems to their original state |
| Sustainable development | Development that meets the needs of people today without damaging the ability of future generations to meet their needs |
| Threatened species | A species that is likely to become endangered if nothing is done |
| Zoned reserve | An extensive region that includes areas relatively undisturbed by humans surrounded by areas that have been changed by human activity and are used for economic gain |
Created by:
meredithl2013
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