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Chapter 28-Chetta
A & P II-Male Reproductive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gametes | Germ cells |
| Fertilization | The union of male gamete with female gamete. |
| Gonads | Testes in males; ovaries in females. they produce gametes and secrete sex hormones. |
| Function of the testes | To produce sperm and secrete hormones |
| COntents of semen | Sperm plus the secretions provided by the accessory sex glands. |
| Scrotum | The supporting structure for the testes. |
| Rahphe | The median ridge separating the lateral portions of the testes. |
| Scrotal septum | divides the scrotum into two sacs. |
| Dartos muscle | The muscle tissue of the scrotal septum |
| Eremaster muscle | a series of small bands of skeletal muscle that descend as an extension of the internal oblique muscle through the spermatic cord to surround the testes. |
| What regulates the temperature of the testes? | The location of the scrotum and the contraction of its muscle fibers. |
| Normal sperm temp | 2-3 degrees lower than core body temp. |
| Tunica vaginalis | A serous membrane that pertially covers the testes. Inner most layer of the tissues of the testes. |
| Hydrocele | A collection of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalies. It may be cause by injury to the testes or inflammation of the epididymis. |
| Tunica albuginea | internal to thetunica vaginalis. dense irregular CT. It forms septa that divide the testes into lobules. |
| Lobules | internal compartments of the testes. |
| Seminiferous Tubules | Where the sperm are produced. Tightly coiled tubules. |
| Spermatogenesis | The process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce sperm |
| Two types of cells in the seminiferous tubules | Spermatogenic cells and sertoli cells |
| Spermatogenic cells | The sperm-forming cells |
| Sertoli cells | have several functions in supporting spermatogenesis |
| Blood-testis barrier | tight junctions between seroli cells. Substances must first pass through the sertoli cells before the reach the developing sperm. |
| 4 Functions of the male reproductive system | 1. produce sperm and male sex hormone testosterone. 2. ducts transport, store, and assist in maturation of sperm,. 2. The accessory sex glands secrete most of the liquid portion of semen. 4. The penis contains the urethra. |
| Male Urethra | Passageway for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine. |
| Spermatogonia | Stem cells that develop from primordial germ cells. Remain dormant during during childhood and actively begin producing sperm at puberty. are diploid-26 chromosomes |
| Primordial Germ Cells | arise from the yolk sac and enter the testes during the fifth week of development. |
| Spermatozoon | A sperm cell. Is released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule after it has been formed. |
| Where does spermatogenesis occur? | IN the seminiferous tubules of the testes. |
| Functions of Sertoli cells | Nourish spermatocytes, spermatids, and sperm; phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm as development proceeds; control movements of spermatogenic cells and the release of sperm i/o the lumen of the seminiferous tubule; produce fluid for sperm transport; |
| Con't functions of Sertoli Cells | secrete inhibin, regulate effects of testosterone and FSH |
| Leydig cells | They secrete testosterone. Are located in the adjacent seminiferous tubules in clusters. |
| Androgen | A hormone taht promotes the development of masculine characteristics. |
| How long does spermatogenesis take in humans? | 65-75 days |
| Primary spermatocytes | Are diploid-26 chromosomes |
| Secondary Spermatocytes | Two cells formed by meiosis I. Are haploid-23 Chromosomes. No replication of DNA occurs in these. Ea. chromosome in it is made of 2 chromatids still attached by a centromere. |
| Spermatids | The four haploid cells resulting from meiosis one |
| Meiosis I(Male) | Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate, where crossing-over occurs. The meiotic spindle then pulls on chromosome of ea pair to an opposite pole of the dividing cell. Form secondary spermatocytes. |
| Meiosis II(Male) | Chromosomes line up in a single file line along the metaphase plate and the two chromatids of ea chromosome separate. Creates 4 haploid cells(spermatids) |
| Spermiogenesis | The final stage of spermatogenesis. It is the development of haploid spermatids into sperm. No cell division occurs here. Ea spermatid becomes a single sperm cell. |
| Spermiation | The releasing of sperm from their connections to the Sertoli cells. |
| How many sperm complete the process of spermatogenesis per day? | About 300 million |
| Two major parts of the sperm | Head and tail |
| Head of the sperm | Contains a nucleus with 23 highly condensed chromosomes. Also contains an acrosome |
| Acrosome | A cap-like vesicle filled iwth enzymes that help a sperm to penetrate a secondary oocyte to bring about fertilization. |
| Enzymes in the Acrosome | Hyaluronidase and Proteases |
| Parts of the tail of the sperm | neck, middle, piece, principle piece, and end piece. |
| Neck of the sperm tail | The constricted region just behind the head that contains centrioles |
| Middle pieces of the sperm tail | contains mitochondria arranged in a spiral, which provides the energy for locomotion of sperm to the site of fertilization and for sperm metabolism. |
| Principal piece of the sperm tail | the longest portion of the tail |
| End piece of the sperm tail | The terminal, tapering portion of the tail. |
| How long do sperm survive after ejaculation into the femail reproductive tract? | no more than 48 hours |
| Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone(GnRH) | increased secretion during puberty. stimulates gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to increase their secretion of the two gonadotropins, LH and FSH |
| Luteinizing hormone(LH) | stimulates leydig cells to secret testosterone |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) | acts indirectly to stimulate spermatogenesis. Works synergistically on the Sertoli cells to stimulate secretion of androgen-binding protein. |
| Testosterone | synthesized from cholesterol in the testes. is the principal androgen. Is lipid solubleand readily siffuses out of the Leydig cells into the interstitial fluid and then into blood. Also suppresses secretion of LH and GnRH by negative feedback. |
| Androgen-binding protein(ABP) | binds to testosterone, keeping its concetration high. |
| Inhibin | A protein hormone that inhibits FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary. |
| Effects of Androgens | Prenatal development, development of male sexual characteristics, development of sexual function, stimulation of anabolism. |
| Secondary sex characteristics | traits that distinguish males and females but do not have a direct role in reproduction. |
| What type of feedback regulates testosterone? | negative feedback system controlled by the release of GnRH by cells in the hypothalamus. |
| Ductus of the Testis | Straight tubules-rete testis-efferent ducts-ductus epididymis |
| Epididymis | Lies along the posterior of the testis. consists mostly of the tightly coiled ductus epididymis. |
| Function of the epididymis | the site of sperm maturation, the process by which sperm acquire motility and the ability to fertilize an ovum. Takes about 14 days. |
| How many parts of the epididymis are there? | 3-head, body, and tail. |
| What type of epithelium is the epididymis made of? | lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium and encircled by layers of smooth muscle. Connective tissue around the muscle layer attaches the loops of the ductus epididymis and carries blood vessels and nerves. |
| Location of the Ductus Deferens or vas Deferens | ascends along the posterior border of the epididymis through the spermatic cord and then enters the pelvic cavity, then loops over the ureter and passes over the side and down the posterior surface of the urinary bladder. |
| What is the dilated terminal portion of the ductus deferens | Ampulla |
| What is the mucosa of the ductus deferens? | Pseudostratified columnar epithelium and lamina propria(areolar connective tissue. |
| What is the function of the ductus deferens? | to convey sperm during sexual arousal from teh epididymis toward the urethra by peristaltic contractions of its muscular coat. It can store sperm for several months as well. |
| Spermatic cord | It is a supporting structure that ascends out of the scrotum |
| Varicocele | Swelling in the scrotum d/t a dilation of the veins that drain the testes. |
| inguinal canal | An oblique passageway in the anterior abdominal wall superior and parallel to the medial half of the inguinal ligament. The spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve pass through it. |
| Deep(abdominal) inguinal ring | A slitlike opening in the aponeurosis of the transverse abdominis muscle. marks the beginning of the inguinal canal. |
| Superficial (subcutaneous) inguinal ring | somewhat triangular opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle. Marks the end of the inguinal canal. |
| Function of the seminal vesicles | Secrete and alkaline, viscous fluid that neutralizes acid in the female, provides fructose for ATP production, contributes to sperm motility and viability, and helps semen coagulate after ejaculation. |
| Function of the prostate | Secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid that helps semen coagulate after ejaculation and subsequently breaks down the clot. |
| Bulbourethral(Cowpers's) glands | Secrete alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic environment of the urethra and mucus that lubricates the lining of the urethra and the tip of the penis during sexual intercourse. |
| Ejaculatory duct | Formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens. |
| Function of the ejaculatory duct | eject sperm and seminal secretions just before the release of semen from the urethra to the exterior |
| Urethra | Passageway for semen and urine. About 8 in long. passes through prostate, deep muscles of the perineum, and penis. is divided into three parts. |
| Parts of the urethra | Prosatic urethra-membranous urethra-Spongy(penile)urethra-external urethral orifice. |
| Function of the ducts of the male reproductive system | Store and transport sperm cells |
| Function of the accessory sex glands | secrete most of the liquid portion of the liquid portion of semen. |
| Accessory sex glands | Seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands |
| Function of the seminal vesicles(seminal glands) | secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins. |
| What do prostoglandins do? | Contribute to sperm motility and viability and may stimulate smooth muscle contractions within the female reproductive tract. |
| Fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles normally constitutes for how much of the volume of semen? | 60% |
| Prostate | Inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the prostatic urethra. Secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid. |
| Components of the fluid secreted by the prostate | citric acid, proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphatase, and seminalplasmin. |
| What percentage does prostatic secretions contribute to the overall volume of semen? | 25% of the volume. |
| Function of prostatic secretions | contribute to sperm motility and viability |
| Bulbourethral glands or Cowper's glands | located inferior to the prostate on either side of the membranous urethra within the deep muscles of the perineum and their ducts open into the spongy urethra. |
| Function of the bulbourethral glands | secrete and alkaline fluid into the urethra that protects passing sperm by neutralizing acids from urin tin the urethra. secrete mucus that lubricates the end of the penis and the lining of the urethra, decreasing the # of sperm damaged during ejaculation |
| Semen | mixture of sperm and seminal fluid. |
| Seminal fluid | a liquid that consists of the secretions of the seminiferous tubules, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. |
| Volume of semen in a typical ejaculation | 50-150 million sperm/mL |
| Volume of semen for infertility | less than 20 million/mL |
| pH of semen | 7.2-7.7 |
| Function of seminal fluid | provide sperm with a transportaiton medium, nutrients, and protection from the hostile acidic environment of the male's urethra and the female's vagina. |
| Hemospermia | presence of blood in the semen. Is often caused by inflammation of the blood vessels lining the seminal vesicles. usually treated with antibiotics. |
| Penis | contains the urethra and is a passageway for the ejaculation of semen and the excretion of uring. |
| Tunica albginea | the outer layer of each of the three parts to the penis |
| The two dorsolateral masses in the penis | copora cavernosa penis |
| Smaller midventral mass of the penis | corpus spongiosum penis. containst he spongy urethra and keeps it open during ejaculation. |
| Erectlie tissue | composed of numerous blood sinuses(vascular spaces) lined by endothelial cells and surrounded by smooth muscle and elastic CT. |
| Glans penis | the distal end of the corpus spongiosum. the margin of it is the corona |
| External urethral orifice | the exiting of the urethra to the outside of th ebody. |
| Two ligaments that hold the weight of the penis | fundiform ligament and the suspensory ligament. |
| erection | the enlargement and stiffening of the penis |
| Function of nitric oxide during erection | It causes smooth muscle to relax, which allows blood vessels to dilate. large amt. of blood enter the erectile tissue of the penis. |
| Priapism | Persistant and usually painful erection of the penis. does not involve sexual desire. may last for several hours and involves pain and tenderness. usually results from abnormalities of blood vessels and nerves. |
| Ejaculation | the powerful release of semen from the urethra to the exterior. |
| Emission | discharge of small volume of semen before ejaculation. |
Created by:
daisywiz
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