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Digestio and enzymes
AQA Unit 1 Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 5 main organs are used in the digestion process, in order of first to last? Do you know use of each? | Oesophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum |
| What glands produce what enzymes? | Salivary glands produce amylase (starch). Pancreas produces proteases (proteins), lipases (lipids) and amylase |
| What is assimilation? | Incorporating absorbed molecules into body tissue. |
| What is egestion? | Faeces removed via the anus |
| What are monosaccharides? | Simple sugar e.g. glucose |
| What is a reducing sugar? | A sugar that can donate electrons to another chemical e.g Benedict's solution. all monosaccharides are reducing sugars. |
| What is the test for reducing sugars? | A 2cm^3 of the food sample to a test tube (First gin up with water if not liquid) Add equal amount of Benedicts heat mixture in a gently boiling bath for 5 minutes Look for brick red colour |
| How do you form a disaccharide and give 3 examples of pairings? | By pairing monosaccharides e.g.; glucose links to glucose to form maltose glucose links to fructose to from sucrose glucose linked to galactose to form lactose |
| What causes lactose intolerance? | As people grow the production of lactose, hydrolyses lactose naturally diminishes. in some it is so great they produce little or none. |
| Why is it more people suffer from lactose intolerance? | modern storage means people consume more milk and milk products |
| What are the symptoms of lactose intolerance? | bloating, diarrhea, cramps and nausea |
| How can people relieve the symptoms an how do they avoid calium defiency? | avoiding milk products or adding lactase to milk. Eat foods rich in calcium. |
| What is the structure of an enzyme and what do they form? | Tertiary proteins an form globular structure |
| What is an enzyme's function? | control chemical processes, speed up reactions without affecting outcome or themselves. |
| Effect of rate of reaction on temperature up to and after optimum (or changing optimum pH) | increasing kinetic energy, increasing successful collisions, increasing complexes and so products (RoR). H bonds broken, changes shape of active site, fewer/ no complexes formed (decreases RoR) |
| What are competitive inhibitors, how they affect enzymes? | Competes with substrate for active site. Similar shape to substrate (complementary to enzyme) takes up part of enzyme. Substrate can't bind but usually temporary |
| What are non-competitive inhibitors enzyme, how they affect enzymes? | attacks enzyme rather than active site. Changes shape so, substrate can't bin. Perminant. |
| Explain co-transport of glucose. steps 1-2 | 1. sodium ions transported out of cell by Na- K pump. 2. higher conc. of Na ions in lumen rather than cell |
| Explain co-transport of glucose. steps 3-5 | 3. Na ions from lumen diffuse down conc. gradient though type of carrier protein (co- transportation protein). also glucose transported against conc. gradient. Increased conc. of glucose in cell even more so, diffuses to capillaries via facilitated dif |
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