Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
fluid,electrolytes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what percent of body weight is water in adults? | 50-60 |
| what percent of body weight is water in older adults? | 45-55 |
| what percent of body weight is water in infants? | 70-80 |
| fluid | water that contains dissolved or suspended substances such as glucose, mineral salts and proteins |
| fluid amount | volume |
| fluid concentration | osmolality |
| degree of acidity | pH |
| Intracellular Fluid (ICF) | fluids WITHIN cells 2/3 of total body water |
| Extracellular Fluid (ECF) | Fluid OUTSIDE of cells 1/3 of total body water |
| What are the 3 divisions of Extracellular fluid? | Interstitial, Intravascular, Transcellular |
| Interstitial extracellular fluid | between cells and outside of the blood vessels (surrounding cells) |
| Intravascular extracellular fluid | Liquid portion of the blood (plasma) |
| Transcellular extracellular fluid | secreted by epithelial cells (cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal and synovial fluids) |
| Electrolytes (mineral salts) | Compounds that seperate into ions (charged particles) when they dissolve in water |
| Ions (charged particles)- 2 types | Cations and Anions |
| Cations | Positively charged- in body fluids: Na+, K+, Ca++,Mg |
| Anions | Negatively charged: Cl-, HCO3 |
| Measurement of electrolytes- international standards | mmol/L |
| Measurement of electrolytes- U.S. | mEq |
| Electrolyte composition: ICF prevalent cation and anion | cation: K+, Anion: PO43- |
| Electrolyte composition: ECF prevalent cation and anion | cation: Na+, Anion: Cl- |
| Active transport | Movement of ions against osmotic pressure to an area of higher pressure; requires energy |
| Diffusion | Passive movement of electrolytes or other patricles down the concentration gradient (from highter to lower concentration) |
| Osmosis | Movement of water (or other solute) from an area of lesser to one of greater concentrate |
| Filtration | Movement across a membrane, under pressure from higher to lower pressure |
| Fluid balance consitst of | fluid intake and absorption, fluid distribution, fluid output |
| Fluid intake | drinking and foods, 2300mL, thirst and habit |
| fluid distribution | movement of fluid among its various compartments |
| fluid output | normally via skin, lungs, GI tract, kidneys- abornmally via vomiting, wound drainage, hemorrhage |
| Fluid output is influenced by | ADH, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) |
| Normal Sodium level | 135-145 mEq/L |
| Normal Potassium level | 3.5-5.0 mEq/L |
| Normal Chloride level | 96-106 mEq/L |
| Normal Magnesium level | 1.5-2.5 mEq/L |
| Extracellular fluid volume (ECV) deficit | Hypovolemia means decreased vascular volume and often is used when discussing ECV deficit |
| Hypernatremia | "water deficit" hypertonic |
| Hyponatremia | "water excess"; hypotonic |
| Clinical dehydration | =ECV deficit and hypernatremia combined |
| Hypernatremia (Na+ level greater than 145mEq/L)- S/S | Extreme thirst, dry and flushed skin, postural hypotension, fever, restlessness, confusion, agitation, seizures if developes rapidly/very severe |
| Hyponatremia (Na+ level less than 135mEq/L)- S/S | Apprehension, nausea and vomiting, headaches, decreased LOC, confusion, lethargy, muscle weakness coma, seizures if develops rapidly/severe |
| Intake and absorption distribution | Plasma concentrations of K+,Ca2+,Mg+ and phosphate (Pi) are very low compared with their concentrations in cells and bone |
| Why are concentration differences neccessary? | For normal muscle and nerve function |
| Why is Potassium important? | Assists in controlling cardiac rate and rhythm, skeletal muscle concentration and function of smooth muscles |
| Why is Calcium important? | Neccessary for muscle contraction |
| Why is Magnesium unportant? | Plays a role in the fundamental enzymatic reactions |
| Electrolyte imbalances: Potassium (K+) 2 examples and values | Hypokalemia (Less than 3.5 mEq/L), Hyperkalemia (Greater than 5.0 mEq/L) |
| Electrolyte imbalances: Calcium (Ca2+) 2 examples and values | Hypocalcemia (Less than 8.4mh.dL), Hypercalcemia (Greater than 10.5mg/dL) |
| Electrolyte imbalances: Magnesium (Mg2+) 2 examples and values | Hypomagnesium (Less than 1.5 mEq/L), Hypermagnesium (Greater than 2.5 mEq/L) |
| Hyperkalemeia S/S | Muscle weakness, Cardiac dysrhythmias, Cardiac Arrest |
| Hypokalemeia S/S | Muscle weakness, life threatening if includes resp muscle, cardiac dysrhythmias, abdominal distention, decreased bowel sounds, constipation |
| Sources of Potassium | Bananas and oranges, potatoes, instant coffee, brazil nuts, salt substitutes, potassium meds, stored blood |
| Hypercalcemia S/S | Anorexia, N/V, constipation, fatigue, lethargy, decreased LOC, confusion, peronality changes, cardiac dysrhythmias, pathological fractures (shifts from bone to ECF) |
| Hypocalcemia S/S | Positive Chvostek's sign,numbness & tingling of the fingers and circumoral region, hyperactive reflexes, muscle twitching and cramping, tetany, seizures, laryngospasm, cardiac dysrhythmias |
| Sources of Calcium | Dairy products, canned fish with bones, broccoli, oranges, requires vitamin D for best absorption, "tums" |
| Hypermagnesemia S/S | Lethargy, Hypoactive deep tendon reflexes, Bradycardia, Hypotension, flushing, sensation of of warmth, severe- flaccid muscle paralysis, decreased rate & depth of resps, cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest |
| Hypomagnesemia | Positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, insomnia, muscle cramps & twitching, dysphagia, tachycardia, HTN, tetany, seizures, cardiac dysrthyhmias |
| Sources of Magnesium | dark green leafy vegetables, whole grains, Mg2+ containing laxatives and antacids |
| Risk factors for fluid and electrolyte imbalances | Age, Environment, GI output, Chronic disease, Trauma, Therapies, Lifestyle, Dietary intake |
| I&O Includes | Intake includes all liquids eaten, drunk or received through IV; Output includes: urine, diarrhea, vomitus, gastric suction, wound drainage (accurate measurements) |
| Normal value for Total Calcium | 8.6-10.2mg/dL |
Created by:
aeponton
Popular Nursing sets