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Cell Bio- Chapter 2
study for final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Monosaccharide | Simple sugar with the general compound formula (CH2O)n that are also called carbohydrates. |
| Isomers | Sets of molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures. |
| Optical Isomers | Mirror-image pairs of molecules. |
| Condensation Reaction | Process by which sugars link together which forms a bond between one sugar and an -OH group on another, where a molecule of water is expelled. |
| Hydrolysis | Process by which bonds are broken in which a molecule of water is consumed. |
| Fatty Acid | - Contains one long hydrocarbon chain that is hydrophobic and not very reactive. - Contains a carboxyl group that behaves as an acid: ionized in solution, extremely hydrophilic, and reactive - Amphipathic molecule - Stored in cytoplasm as triacylglycer |
| Saturated | No double bonds are present between the carbon atoms and the max number of hydrogen bonds is accomplished. |
| Unsaturated | One or more double bonds are present between the carbon atoms and the max number of hydrogen bonds is not accomplished. |
| Lipids | - Fatty acids and their derivatives - Insoluble in water - Soluble in fat and organic solvents - Contain long hydrocarbon chains |
| Phospholipid | - Two fatty acid chains joined to a glycerol and phosphate group - Amphipathic - Forms the lipid bilayer in cell membranes |
| Amino Acid | - Possess one carboxylic and one amino group linked to a central atom called the alpha-carbon |
| Proteins | - Polymers of amino acids joined head-to-tail in a long chain that is then folded into a three-dimensional structure unique to each type of protein - Formed from 20 types of amino acids |
| Peptide Bond | - Covalent bond between two amino acids - Formed by condensation reactions that link one amino acid to the next |
| Polypeptide | - Chain of amino acids - Amino group at N-terminus and Carboxyl group at C-terminus - Structural Polarity |
| Nucleoside | Molecule made of a nitrogen-containing ring compound linked to a five-carbon sugar, which can be either ribose or deoxyribose. |
| Nucleotide | A nucleoside sporting one or more phosphate groups attached to its sugar |
| Ribonucleotides | Nucleotides containing the sugar ribose |
| Deoxyribonucleotides | Nucleotides containing deoxyribose |
| Nucleotide Bases | - Under acidic conditions they can each bind a H+ (proton) and thereby increase the concentration of OH- ions in aqueous solution |
| Pyrimidines | - Cytosine - Thymine - Uracil - derived from a six-membered pyrimidine ring |
| Purines | - Guanine - Adenine - derive from a six-membered pyrimidine ring fused to a second five-membered ring |
| Nucleic Acids | Long polymers in which nucleotide subunits are covalently linked by the formation of a phosphodiester bond |
| Phosphodiester Bond | Bond between the phosphate group attached to the sugar of one nucleotide and a hydroxyl group on the sugar of the next nucleotide |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | Nucleic Acid with the sugar-phosphate backbone based on ribose - Contain the bases A, G, C, and U |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | Nucleic acid based on deoxyribose (in whic hthe hydroxyl at the 2' position of the ribose carbon ring is replaced by a hydrogen) |
| Macromolecules | Polymers that are constructed simply by covalently linking small organic molecules (monomers) into long chains (polymers) |
| Polymerization of Monomers | 1- Most macromolecules are made from a set of monomers that are slightly different from one another (EX: 20 amino acids) 2- The polymer chain is not assembled at random but instead in a particular order, or sequence of monomers |
| Conformation | - Shapes of macromolecules - An unlimited amount of conformations is caused by the single covalent bonds that allow for rotation of the macromolecule |
Created by:
Ash T.
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