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Genetics2FHS
Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Every person is genetically distinct from every other (except for _____________ ______________) | identical twins |
| At the DNA level, the homologous genes inherited from Mom and Dad differ at about ___ nucleotide in _______ or ___________ base pair differences for a single chromosome | 1 - 500 - 250,000 |
| Define RFLPs | (Restriction fragment length polymorphisms) -- unique sequences of DNA recognized and “cut” out by restriction enzymes |
| Restriction enzymes are naturally produced by ___________ as a means of ____________ | bacteria, defense |
| Restriction enzymes cut the DNA at specific nucleotide sequences called ____________ ____________ | restriction sites |
| Restriction sites contain particular _____________ ______________ recognized by a particular restriction enzyme | nucleotide sequences |
| Currently ______ restriction sites have been described | >90 |
| _______ ______, a restriction enzyme, binds and cuts the DNA wherever it finds the sequence GAATTC | Eco RI |
| Restriction sites are Usually ________ nucleotides long | 4 - 6 |
| The restriction enzyme may cut both DNA strands equally to produce “_______ ________” or it may make a staggered cut to produce “__________ _________” that easily join with other such fragments with complementary “sticky ends” | blunt ends, sticky ends |
| RFLPs produced by restriction enzymes are then placed on a “gel” and subjected to an electric current describes: | Gel Electrophoresis |
| DNA fingerprints may be used to determine: | how closely related two individuals are |
| The more bands two organisms share the _____ _______ ______ they are considered to be | more closely related |
| _____ __________ is used by the criminal justice system to identify crime suspects, and by medical experts to prove paternity | DNA fingerprinting |
| The chance of obtaining 6 identical DNA patterns of RFLP regions is 1 in ________________ | 10 billion |
| FBI uses 13 sites in its profiles, producing 26 bands with an accuracy of 1 in _________________ | 100 billion |
| What are the problems in studying human genetic disorders? | Time between generations too long # of offspring is small Controlled breeding experiments not possible Variable gene expression |
| Some traits are controlled by more than _____ __________ although each individual still only inherits ______ _______ for the trait. Ex. Blood Groups – A, B, O | two alleles, two alleles |
| If one parent is Homozygous Type A and another is Homozygous Type B what will the child be? | AB |
| Which blood type can be given to any patient? | O |
| With polygenic inheritance we see a ____________ ____________ of phenotypes | continuous range |
| Define ultrasound | High frequency sound waves create an image of the developing fetus in utero |
| What is the process for Amniocentesis? | A needle is used to remove a small amount of amniotic fluid containing fetal cells |
| Describe in detail CVS: | Chorionic villi sampling Needle biopsy removes a small piece of the chorion tissue, part of the placenta, for tissue culture and eventual harvesting for DNA analysis or karyotyping 8-10 weeks of gestation |
| Describe in detail the process of Karyotyping: | Cells from either CVS or amniocentesis are photographed undergoing mitosis Homologous chromosomes are cut out and paired up on a chart for comparison |
| Describe fetoscopy in detail: | Direct observation of the fetus with an endoscope Most invasive procedure/rarely done Used during fetal surgeries |
| A clone is defined as: | a group of organisms with identical genomes or sets of genes |
| Dolly the sheep was an example of: | cloning |
| Describe the process of cloning | 1. Remove haploid nucleus from an egg 2. Transplant a diploid nucleus from a somatic cell 3. The altered egg is grown to the blastula stage and then implanted into the mother’s uterus to finish development |
| What are some of the problems of cloning? | Very few cloning attempts are successful Many cloned animals die Mothers may face serious risks |
| Stem cells are _________ _________ with the capacity to differentiate into a variety of cells or tissues | totipotent cells |
| Embryonic stem cells are the most versatile because they are _______________________; that is they show greater potency to differentiate | less committed to a certain fated cell type |
| What is an example of stem cells? | Therapies that do not have rejection. |
| induced pluripotent stem cells do not require | embryos |
| Describe PCR | Polymerase chain reaction A simple yet powerful technique for multiplying specific sequences of DNA |
| When DNA is heated it uncoils, then it is cooled and ____________ | replicated |
| Define Recombinant DNA | DNA composed of segments from at least two different organisms |
| Sections of DNA are cut by ______________ ___________ and joined by enzymes called _____________ | restriction enzymes, ligases |
| Eukaryotic genes have “___________” while bacteria do not and therefore lack the ability to process mRNA to produce mature mRNA | introns |
| Researchers have learned to use ______________ that use the enzyme reverse transcriptase to copy RNA into DNA | Retroviruses |
| Starting with mature mRNA ____________ _____________ is added which produces complementary DNA or cDNA without introns which can then be inserted into a bacterial host for translation | reverse transcriptase |
| Define Plasmid | a small, independently replicating, circular piece of bacterial DNA |
| Using _____ ________, researchers often hook the gene to a plasmid containing a gene for antibiotic resistance | DNA ligase |
| Researchers use a probe to find a particular gene. What is a probe? | a short sequence of DNA complementary to the gene sequence of choice |
| ______________ mice carrying genes for human diseases are often used to study human disease | Transgenic |
| Currently transgenes are added to the genome randomly, however, which often: | disrupts the functioning of other genes needed for survival |
| Describe knock out mice: | a particular gene is inactivated so mice containing specific genetic defects can be studied |
| Describe knock in mice: | an allele has been replaced. Difficult to make, however, the gene goes exactly where it is supposed to and the old gene is replaced (similar to the idea for gene therapy) |
| A virus infecting a bacterial cell incorporates some of the host’s DNA into its genome and then carries it to the next bacteria it attacks is an example of: | Transduction |
| living bacteria take in DNA from a dead bacteria is an example of: | transformation |
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