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GeneticsFHS
Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Meiosis takes place within the ... | germ cells of specialized reproductive organs called gonads |
| Gonads: in males these are ______________ and in females these are ____________. | gonads, ovaries |
| During meiosis the DNA replicates ________ but divides _________ producing ___________________ —eggs and sperm | once, twice, haploid gametes |
| Austrian monk who studied genetics through his crosses of peas | Mendel |
| Father of Genetics | Mendel |
| define heredity | traits that are passed from one generation to the next |
| each trait is controlled by at least ____________________ | one pair of genes |
| "units of heredity" | factors or genes |
| define alleles | genes governing variations of the same trait |
| why did Mendel use pea plants? | They were easy to grow They reproduced quickly so he could easily compare one generation to the next They were present in several easily identifiable varieties (ie. tall vs. short, round vs. wrinkled, or yellow vs. green) |
| Mendel's first experiment was to: | cross plants with round seeds x wrinkled seeds |
| define homozygous dominant | "same" dominant traits |
| define heterozygous | "different" traits |
| what is a punnett square used to represent? | crosses considering one trait called monohybrid crosses |
| If two parents have the traits Rr, what are the possible outcomes? | RR, Rr, Rr, rr |
| Rr would represent ____________, where as round or wrinkled would represent _____________. | genotype, phenotype |
| With eye color brown is dominant over blue. What would happen if a heterozygous brown-eyed man married a heterozygous brown-eyed woman and they had children. Using a punnett square predict the possible eye colors of their children | 3/4 brown, 1/4 blue |
| Describe the Law of Dominance | some traits are under the control of a single pair of genes— one dominant and one recessive |
| Describe the Law of Segregation | the idea that genes occur in pairs which are separated during gamete formation and recombined during fertilization. |
| Describe the Law of Independent Assortment | when studying more than one trait, Mendel found that each trait is inherited independently |
| When an organism is hybrid for a pair of contrasting traits, only the dominant trait can be seen, the recessive trait is hidden or masked. This is an example of: | Law of Dominance |
| Genes that occur in pairs are separated from each other during gamete formation (meiosis) and recombined during fertilization or fusion of the gametes. This is an example of: | Law of Segregation |
| During meiosis genes for different traits are separated and distributed to gametes independently of one another. This would be an example of: | Law of Independent Assortment |
| Genes found on the same chromosome. | Linkage group |
| Define diversity | a species comprised of genetically unique individuals is better able to withstand a major environmental change while other species might perish. |
| Meiosis and sexual reproduction lead to increased genetic diversity through: | Crossing over Segregation of alleles during gamete formation (meiosis) Independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis Recombination of unique gametes during fertilization |
| With 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes, humans are capable of producing: | 2^23 or 8 million different gametes |
| These gametes brought together during sexual reproduction and fertilization 8 million eggs x 8 million sperm could produce | 64 trillion genetically unique individuals |
| The ultimate source of genetic diversity | mutation |
| Define pedigree | a chart of the genetic history of family over several generations |
| On a pedigree, what symbols represent female? male? | circle, square |
| On a pedigree what would a circle and a square with a line between them represent? | married couple |
| On a pedigree what do you do to a symbol to represent an "affected" male or female? | color |
| What do these symbols represent in a pedigree chart? White symbol with a dot? White symbol with a vertical line? White symbol with a diagonal line? | x-linked, autosomal carrier, deceased |
| What pattern will you find in a pedigree if a disorder is x-linked? | most of the males are affected |
| What does it mean if there is a 50/50 ratio between men and women with a disorder? | autosomal - chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| How do you determine from a pedigree chart is a disorder is dominant or recessive? | dominant - one parent must have disorder, recessive - neither parent has to have it - they can be heterozygous |
| Used to reveal the genotype of an individual showing the dominant phenotype | test crosses |
| Cross unknown to an individual who is homozygous recessive for the trait. If any offspring exhibit the recessive trait then we know the unknown parent must be | heterozygous or hybrid rather than purebred |
| Fully describe incomplete dominance | Both alleles contribute to the phenotype Neither is dominant over the other Hybrid is intermediate in appearance |
| Fully describe codominance | Two dominant alleles Both fully expressed Ex. Strawberry roan coats in horses (red and white) |
| According to Mendel, when traits are on different chromosomes, they are: | inherited independently of one another |
| Our height does not influence our eye color -- is an example of | Law of Assortment |
| Genes on the same chromosome are “___________” and thus constitute a “____________ _____________” | linked, linkage group |
| Linked genes therefore do not obey Mendel’s Law of: | Independent Assortment |
| All of the genes on the same chromosome make up a __________ __________ | linkage group |
| Provided the first evidence that genes were indeed part of the chromosomes | Thomas Hunt Morgan |
| XX represents: , XY represents: | Female, Male |
| Genes on the same chromosome do not ____________ ____________ | assort independently |
| Define Gene Linkage: | refers to the tendency of genes on the same chromosome to stay together and be inherited together |
| Morgan’s experiments with sex-linked genes confirmed Sutton’s theory that: | the genes lie on the chromosomes |
| Genes further apart will be separated more often by: | crossing over |
| Alfred Sturtevant: found that the further apart two genes are on a chromosome, the greater likelihood: | that they will be crossed over. |
| A trait controlled by a gene located on a sex chromosome, and Trait seen disproportionately in one sex | sex-linked trait |
| Males are thus “hemizygous” for genes on the: | X |
| In females, with two XX’s, if one is defective and the other “normal”, they would appear ________ but would be considered a “________” for that disorder with the chance of passing it on to their children | normal, carrier |
| Allele for trait is written as a ___________ of the X chromosome | superscript |
| Whereas monohybrid crosses only consider one trait and one pair of contrasting alleles, Dihybrid crosses look at | two traits |
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