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Cell Bio- Chapter 1
study for final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cells | Cells vary enormously in appearance and function,have a similar basic chemistry, have evolved from the same ancestor. |
| DNA | In all living things genetic instructions, genes, are stored in DNA molecules, written in the same chemical code, constructed out of the chemical building blocks, interpreted by essentially the same machinery, and duplicated in same way for reproduction. |
| Nucleotides | A set of four monomers strung together in different sequences like the letters of an alphabet to convey different information. |
| Flow of genetic information | In all living cells, genetic information flows from DNA to RNA (transcription), and from RNA to protein (translation). |
| Proteins | The building block of proteins are amino acids, and every living thing uses the same set of 20 amino acids to make its proteins. |
| Evolution | Evolution is the process by which living species become gradually modified and adapted to their environment in more and more sophisticated ways. Genetic change and selection are the basis of evolution. |
| Genome | A cell's genome is the entire library of genetic information in its DNA and provides a genetic program that instructs the cell how to function, and, for plant and animal cells, how to grow into an organism with hundreds of different cell types. |
| Cell Theory | All living cells are formed by the division of existing cells. |
| Light Microscopy | 1st, bright light focused onto the specimen by lenses in the condenser. 2nd, specimen must be carefully prepared allow light to pass through. 3rd, a set of lenses (objective and eyepiece) must be arranged to focus an image of the specimen in the eye. |
| Fluorescence Microscopy | Light is passed through 2 sets of filters. 1st, filters light before it reaches the specimen, passing only those wavelengths excite the particular fluorescent dye. 2, blocks out the light passes only those wavelengths emitted when dye fluoresces. |
| Confocal Microscopy | A confocal microscope is a specialized type of fluorescence microscope that builds up an image by scanning the specimen with a laser beam. |
| TEM | Uses a beam of electrons instead of a beam of light, and magnetic coils to focus the beam instead of glass lenses. (thin sections of tissue) |
| SEM | The specimen has been coated with a very thin film of a heavy metal and is scanned by a beam of electrons brought to focus on the specimen by the electromagnetic coils that, in electron microscopes, act as lenses. |
| Electron Microscopy | Electron microscopy enables biologists to see the structure of biological membranes, which are only two molecules thick. Even the most powerful EMs, however, cannot reveal the individual atoms that make up molecules. |
| Prokaryotes | Organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus that are typically spherical, rodlike, or corkscrew-shaped, and small. They often have a cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane that encloses the cytoplasm and DNA. The cell reproduce quickly by dividing in 2 |
| Archaea vs. Bacteria | Archae are found not only in the habitats of bacteria, but also in environments hostile to most other cells. |
| Nucleus | The nucleus is enclosed within tow concentric membranes that form the nuclear envelope, and it contains molecules of DNA. It is the most prominent organelle in the cell. |
| Mitochondria | The inner membrane is formed into folds that project into the interior of the mitochondrion. -contains its own DNA and reproduce by dividing in 2 -generators of chemical energy for the cell -cellular respiration |
| Centrifuge | The process of separating organelles according to their size, shape, and density. |
| Chloroplasts | -large green organelles that are found only in the cells of plants and algae -two surrounding membranes, chloroplasts possess internal stacks of membranes containing the green pigment chlorophyll. -produces energy from sunlight: photosynthesis |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | -an irregular maze of interconnected spaces enclosed by a membrane - is the site where most cell membrane components, as well as mateials destined for export from the cell, are made. |
| Golgi Apparatus | -stacks of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs -receives and often chemically modifies the molecules made in the endoplasmic reticulum and then directs them to the exterior of the cell or to various locations inside the cell. |
| Lysosomes | -small, irregularly shaped organelles in which intracellular digestion occurs, releasing nutrients from food particles and breaking down unwanted molecules for recycling or excretion. |
| Peroxisomes | - small, membrane-enclosed vesicles that provide a contained environment for reactions in which hydrogen peroxide is generated and degraded. |
| Cytosol | -part of the cytoplasm that is not partitioned off within intracellular membranes. -largest single compartment -contains a host of molecules, crowded closely together behaving like a water-based gel than a liquid solution site of protein synthesis |
| Ribosomes | molecular machines that make the protein molecules and are often attached to the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum |
| Cytoskeleton | A system of filaments that are seen to be anchored at one end to the plasma membrane or to radiate out from a central site adjacent to the nucleus - dynamic jungle of ropes and rods that are continually being strung together and taken apart |
| Protozoan | free living actively motile microorganisms that can prey upon and swallow other cells |
| Model Organisms | The organisms that are easier to study than others. Some reproduce rapidly and are convenient for genetic manipulations; others are multicellular but transparent so that one can directly watch the development of all their internal tissues and organs. |
Created by:
Ash T.
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