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Chapter 10 Vocab.

DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

QuestionAnswer
1. Virulent A disease causing strain of bacterium.
2. Transformation The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another or from one organism to another.
3. Bacteriophages Viruses that infect bacteria.
4. Nucleotide Repeating sub-nits of two long chains that makes up DNA.
5. Deoxyribose The five-carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide.
6. Nitrogenous Base Contain nitrogen and carbon atoms and is a base.
7. Purines Nitrogenous bases that have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms, such as adenine and guanine.
8. Pyrimidines Nitrogenous bases that have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms, such as cytosine and thymine.
9. Base Pairing Rules The rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA.
10. Complementary Base Pairs The nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNA that are paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs with thymine or uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine.
11. Base Sequence The order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA.
12. DNA Replication The process by which DNA replicates before division.
13. Helicase Used to separate DNA strands.
14. Replication Fork The Y-Shaped region that results when two strands separate.
15. DNA Polymerase The enzymes that add complementary nucleotides.
16. Semi-Conservative Replication A type of replication where each or the new DNA molecule has kept (or conserved) one of the two (semi) original DNA strands.
17. Mutation A change in nucleotide sequence of the DNA.
18. Ribonucleic Acid A natural polymere that is present in all living cells and plays a role in protein synthesis.
19. Transcription The process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template.
20. Translation The portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains.
21. Protein Synthesis The formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA carried by mRNA.
22. Ribose A cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; site of protein synthesis.
23. Messenger RNA Carries instructions from a gene to make a protein.
24. Ribosomal RNA Part of the structure of ribosomes.
25. Transfer RNA Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein.
26. RNA Polymerase An enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of RNA by using a strand of DNA molecule as a template.
27. Promoter A nucleotide sequence on a on a DNA molecule to which an RNA polymerase molecule binds, which initiates the transcription of a specific gene.
28. Termination Signal A specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene.
29. Genetic Code The rules that describes how the sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) the correspond the specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein.
30. Codon In DNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or stop signal.
31. Anticodon A region of tRNA that consist of three bases complementary to the codon or mRNA.
32. Genome The complete genetic material contained in an individual.
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