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BiologyII Chapter22
vocab and study guids
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Parenchyma Cell | spherical, thin-walled cell found throughout most plants that can function in photosynthesis, gas exchange, protection, storage, and tissue repair and replacement |
| Collenchyma Cell | often elongated plant cell that provides flexibility for the plant, support for surrounding tissues and functions in tissue repair and replacement |
| Sclerenchyma Cell | plant cell that lacks cytoplasm and other living components when mature leaving thick, rigid cell walls that provide support and function in transport of materials |
| Meristem | region of rapid cell division in plants; produces cells that can develop into many different types of plant cells |
| Vascular Cambium | thin cylinder of meristematic tissue that produces new transport cells |
| Cork Cambium | meristematic tissue that produces cells with tough cell walls that form the protective outside layer on stems and roots |
| Epidermis | dermal tissue that makes up a plant's outer covering. In humans and other animals, the outer superficial layer of skin made up of epithelial cells |
| Guard Cell | one of a pair of cells that function in the opening and closing of a plant's stomata by changes in their shape |
| Xylem | vascular plant tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals away from the roots throughout the plant and is composed of vessel elements and tracheids |
| Vessel Element | elongated tubular plant cell that forms xylem strands(vessels) and conducts water and dissolved substances |
| Tracheid | long, cylindrical plant cell in which water passes from cell to cell through pitted ends |
| Phloem | vascular plant tissue composed of sieve tube members and companion cells that conducts dissolved sugars and other organic compounds from the leaves and stems to the roots and from the roots to the leaves and stems |
| Sieve tube member | nonnucleated, cytoplasmic cell of the phloem |
| Companion Cell | nucleated cell that helps the mature sieve tube member function in transporting dissolved substances in the phloem of vascular plants |
| Ground tissue | plant tissue consisting of parenchyma, collencyma, and sclerenchyma. |
| Root Cap | layer of parenchyma cells that covers the rot tip and help protect root tissues during growth |
| Cortex | layer composed of ground tissues between the epidermis and vascular tissue of root |
| Endodermis | cell layer at the inner boundary of the cortex; regulates the material that enters the plant's vascular tissues |
| Pericycle | plant tissue that produces lateral roots |
| Petiole | stalk that connects a plant's blade to the stem |
| palisade Mesophyll | leaf-tissue layer that contains many chloroplasts and is the site where most photosynthesis takes place |
| Spongy Mesophyll | loosely packed, irregularly shaped cells with spaces around them located below the palisade mesophyll |
| Transpiration | process in which water evaporates from the inside of leaves to the outside through stomata |
| Auxin | plant hormone that moves in only one direction away from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce its own food; provides the foundation of the food supply for other organisms; also called a producer |
| Gibberellins | group of plant hormones that are transported in vascular tissue and that can affect seed growth, stimulate cell division and cause cell elongation |
| Ethylene | gaseous plant hormone that affects the ripening of fruits |
| Cytokinin | plant hormone that promotes cell division by stimulating production of proteins required for mitosis and cytokinesis |
| Nastic Response | reversible, responsive movement of a plant that occurs independent of the direction of the stimulas |
| Tropism | response to an external stimulus in a specific direction |
| Name the 3 main types of plant cells. | parenchyma, sclerenchyma collenchyma |
| Parenchyma cell functions and an example of where these cells are found. | Functions: Storage Photosynthesis Gas echange Protection Tissue repair and replacement ex potatoes |
| Collenchyma cell functions and an example of where these cells are found. | They are found in celery They are long strands or cylinders Functions: Support for surrounding tissues Provides flexibility for plant Tissue repair and replacement ex celery |
| Schlerenchyma cell functions and an example of where these cells are found. | Functions: Support Transport of materials Two types of Sclerenchyma cells Selereids Fibers ex pear |
| Name the 4 main types of plant tissues. | meristic, dermal,vascular, ground |
| Describe meristemic tissues. | Regions of rapidly dividing cells There are three types Apical meristems: Found in the tips of roots and stems and increases in link intercalary meristems: Stems and leaves and increases in link Lateral meristems: root and stem and increases in diamet |
| Describe dermal tissues. | Epidermis-cuticle:reduces water loss & prevent bac.from entering the stomata:where gases exchange jtwo cells border:gaurd cells trichomes: hairlike projections thatprotect. root hairs:increase roots surfacearea and let the root take in more V of material |
| Describe vascular tissues. | Xylem transports water away from the roots and is composed of specialized cells called vessel elements and tracheids Vessel elements are tubular cells stacked end to end that enable the free movement of water and dissolved substances |
| Describe vascular tissues. | Tracheid are long, cylindrical cells with pitted ends that allow movement of water and dissolved substances Because mature tracheids have end walls, they are less efficient than vessel elements. |
| Describe ground tissues. | Consist of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells Functions include photosynthesis, storage, and support most common type of tissue found in plants |
| Describe root functions. | take in water and dissolved minerals. It also anchors the plant |
| List the layers of the root from the outside inward. | Epedermis, cortex, endoderis, encircling endodermis--Casparian strip, pericyle vascular tissues |
| Name the 4 plant hormones. | auxin, gibberellins, ethylene, cytokinins |
| Describe auxins and how they affect a plant. | Stimulates the lengthening of cells Affects the rate of growth in roots, stems, and leaves. causes plants to mostly grow upward this is called apical dominance causes fruits to rock from the plant |
| Describe gibberellins and how they affect a plant | Causes cell elongation, stimulates cell division, and affects seed growth Causes the plan to increase in height |
| Describe ethylene and how they affect a plant | makes fruits softer and sweeter than unripe fruits Only known gaseous hormone Found in plant tissues such as ripening fruits, dying leaves, and flowers Affects the ripening fruits. |
| Describe cytokinins and how they affect a plant | Promotes cell division Produced in rapidly dividing cells If its used in plants with auxins causes them grow rapidly |
| Describe a nastic response and give 2 examples. | A response of a plant that causes movement independent of the direction of the stimulus it is not a growth response it is reversible and can be repeated solar tracking of the sunflower closing of a venus flytrap’s leaves |
| Describe tropic response | Phototropism: Response to light caused by unequal amount of auxin Gravitropism: Response to gravity roots have a positive gravitropism because the grow downward Thigmotropism: A response to mechanical stimulation |
| Name and describe three tropisms | Phototropism: Response to light caused by unequal amount of auxin Gravitropism: Response to gravity roots have a positive gravitropism because the grow downward Thigmotropism: A response to mechanical stimulation |
| In stems, how are vascular tissues arranged for monocots and dicots? | Dicots-circle near the edge of stem monocots- scattered throughout the stem |
| In roots, how are vascular tissues arranged for monocots and dicots? | Dicots-shape of a star Monocots-forms a ring around a central path |
| Describe the functions of stems | herbaceous: green, soft, and flexible Woody: like the bark of a tree |
| Describe the fuctions of leaves | Main fuction: photosynthesis |
Created by:
Emmelee
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