Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Biology_18_
Botany
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| megaphylls of seed plants | reduced to needles in some groups |
| extant phyla of gymnosperms | cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, coniferophyta, and gnetophyta |
| extant phyla of angiosperms | anthophyta |
| synapomorphies of gymnosperms and angiosperms | ovules and seeds, heterospory, and secondary xylem (wood) (water is not required for reproduction - not necessarily a synapomorphy, but common character) |
| wood (secondary xylem) | produced by the vascular cambium |
| seed | a mature ovule with a sporophyte (2n) embryo |
| benefits of the seed | protects enclosed embryo and is a source of nourishment for the embryo (stored food) |
| evolution of the ovule (1-4) | 1. Retention of megaspores in megasporangium 2. reduction in # of megaspore mother cells per sporangium to one 3. only 1 of the haploid megaspores is functional 4. megagametophyte develops inside functional megaspore, not free-living or independent |
| evolution of the ovule (5-7) | after fertilization by pollen, young sporophyte (embryo) develops inside megagametophyte 6. integument surrounds megasporangium, except narrow opening = micropyle 7. apex of megasporangium modified to receive pollen grains |
| integument evolution | gradual fusion of integumentary lobes until only opening was the micropyle |
| mature ovule | seed coat, embryo, and stored food |
| progymnosperms | has secondary xylem (wood) and phloem |
| bifacial vascular cambium (progymnosperms) | xylem to inside and phloem to outside |
| Archaeopteris description (progymnosperm) | large trees with eustele (vascular strands around a central pith) and some were heterosporous |
| extinct gymnosperms | cordaites, seed ferns (pteridospermales), bennettitales (cyacadeioids) |
| bennettitales | may be most closely related to angiosperms, have flowerlike repro system |
| gymnosperm | naked seed - ovules and seeds are exposed on sporophylls or analogous structures (not enclosed in an ovary) |
| megagametophyte (gymnosperms) | produces more than one archegonium |
| polymembrionic (gymnosperms) | more than one egg per ovule fertilized, several embryos begin to develop (usually only one embryo matures) |
| microgametophyte (gymnosperms) | pollen grain |
| cycadophyta description | leaves are clustered at the top of a wood trunk (stem), central pith, are symbiotic with cyanobacteria (nitrogen fixation), have separate male and female parts, and microsporangia and megasporangia are on sporophylls (loosely clustered or strobilus) |
| cycadophyta interesting fact | toxic - contains neurotoxins and carcinogenic compounds, including seeds |
| cycadophyta pollination | pollinated by insects (beetles, weevils) |
| ginkophyta description | resistant to air pollution (common in urban parks, city streets), has fan-shaped deciduous leaves, dichotomous venation, long and short shoots, and is dioecious (separate male and female parts) |
| Ginkgophyta ovules | produce 2 ovules per shoot (usually only one matures) and the fleshly seed coat of these ovules smell like vomit |
| male cones of ginkophyta | clustered at tip of short shoot |
| fertilization | pollen tubes germinate in the nucleus and the tips swells and ruptures releasing 2 sperm per tube |
| Gnetophyta's angiosperm-like features | strobili similar to flower clusters, similar vessels in xylem (not homologous), no archegonia in Gnetum and Welwitschia, double fertilization (although now known to be different from angiosperms, similar to fir) |
| genera of Gnetophyta | Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia |
| Coniferophyta includes | pine, fir, spruce, and redwoods |
| Coniferophyta description | fossil record extends to late carboniferous, dominant in temperature forests (and mountain forests) |
| Pinaceae leaf characters (length) | leaves in bundles of 1 to 8 leaves and are covered at the base by scale-like leaves, and has a short shoot (apical meristem is not active) |
| Pinaceae description | leaves needle-like (megaphylls), adapted for growth in dry habitats, thick cuticle (waxy), hypodermis (compact layers of cells below epidermis), stomata in pits, mesophyll cells w/ wall ridges (more surface area), endodermis (surrounds vascular tissue) |
| transfusion tissue of Pinaceae | living parenchyma cells and non-living tracheids, conducts materials between mesophyll and vascular bundles |
| bark of pines | secondary phloem (inner bark) + periderm (outer bark) |
| seed-scale complex | ovuliferous scale (2 ovules per scale), subtending bract, spirally arranged, and are modified branches |
| female cones | ovulate cones - spirally arrange, modified branches, larger, ovule bear scales, modified branches |
| male cones | small, mirosporophylls spirally arranged, membranous, 2 microsporangia on lower surface of each microsporophyll, each microsporangium has many microspore mother cells, each microspore produces 4 haploid microspores (pollen) |
Created by:
Nicolekr
Popular Biology sets